Ｎｾ＠ Seal-boxes and the spread of Latin literacy in the Rhine delta Ton Derks and Nico Roymans Introduction Although it has long been recognised that writing played a crucial role in the administration of the Roman empire, there is still considerable debate about the spread of literacy among the local communities in the Roman West, and the degree of Latinization that accompanied it. Renewed interest in this topic (d. Hanson and Conolly, below) has been stimulated by the discovery and publication of new source material, with the famous leaf tablets from Vindolanda taking pride of place. The adoption of Latin as a spoken or written language was not a process that affected everyone in the same way: we have to take into account important regional, social as well as temporal differences. In this paper, we would like to focus on the Lower Rhine frontier, and on the civitas Batavorum in particular. Before embarking on our argument, it may be useful to summarize the features of this area. The following three observations can serve as a general background to the interpretation of the database presented here. First, the civitas Batavorum was situated directly behind the central part of the Lower Germanic limes, where many thousands of troops were garrisoned from the Claudian period until the end of the 3rd c. 1 Second, as may be concluded from pre-Flavian recruitment patterns in Northern Gaul, with 9 cohorts and one ala, the civitas of the Batavians was the principal supplier of auxiliaries to the Roman army (fig. 7.1). 2 It has been calculated that almost every [I] [QJ B ' ' -- 0 o .ＭｾＧ］ｴﾷ＠ // I , ; (:1.:.l:;t.OO "·> ＾Ｍｾ ｾＺ［Ｎｲﾷ｜Ｍｊ＠ / ', / '' '' \.; 000 \,' I "''''" :-hT\Q ｾＮ［ﾷ＠ : 1 ·' ·. ﾷｾＨ＠ 00 '1 -v / : QO : 00 ... , ﾷｾＬＩＷＮＱ［Ｚ｟ＭＧ＠ ﾷＭｾ -1 ,....," \ L / (d '.. f,"' ' ｾ＠ ' ,' \), '•.' ｴｾＭＮ＠Ｑ i://1,l ,\ \ !.4' ) \:ｾﾷＬＱ＠ ? / f[',1\ --. "•''' -.--------' 0 \ '\ / ----·----- : 'y-------- J ----,, / ' 0. -· ---- \\ ＢＧ｜ｾＺ［Ｍ｣＠ ' (;\ " ,';· I,\ ,-'.-1'f \\ ..; • '% , -t- >---------- ::<:( __ \ '··! :<\ '•,l / '-------------/ \ · · •ooos:·<. ._/o_ ｯｱ＼ｾ＿ﾷ＠ ' 1- Ｎｾｴ＠ . ,__/_;:\._ '' '' ', / --------: ＭｾＬ＠ ! '' '\ \:---- ［ｾ＠ ｌｾ＠ !' ,, ,r------J, . •oo I Ｍｾ＠ \QO o !' • , -------': ' I,\ Ｚ＠o. / ' l ｾ ｣Ｚｾ＠ ｶＬ｟ｾ＠ ｑｾ｛Ｉ＠ c 0 0 100 km ' I Fig. 7.1. Pre-Flavian recruitment patterns inN Gaul (after Roymans 1996, fig. 4, and Derks 1998, fig. 2. 6, with emendation). A- civitates used for the conscription of auxiliary forces; B -ala; C- cohors. 2 I Bogaers and Ruger 1974; Schonberger 1985; Bechert and Willems 1995. Alfo1dy 1968, 13-14, 45-48; Spaul 1994, 60-64; Spaul 2000, 205-6, 209-16. 88 T. Derks and N. Roymans II II II Fig. 7.2. Distribution of monumental Latin inscriptions in the Rhine delta (for legend, cf. fig. 7.5; large symbol= more than 5 inscriptions). single family sent one or two of its members to the army. 3 It is therefore difficult to overestimate the impact the army had on the social and cultural development of the indigenous population in this part of the Rhine frontier. Third, the territory of the Batavians is situated in a zone that can be described as a non-villa landscape. The overwhelming majority of rural settlements in this area consisted of one or more traditional long houses, which were characterized by a wooden frame, wattle-and-daub walls, a thatched roof, and an interior space which comprised a byre as well as a living area. Although a few examples had elements of Roman architecture, such as a stone cellar, painted wall-plaster or a partially tiled roof, these were usually integrated in a way that did not affect the basic spatial arrangement of the indigenous long house. 4 Let us now consider the question central to this paper: what role might the Roman army have played in the diffusion of Latin literacy in this region? The Latinization of the Batavian civitas: the epigraphical evidence In general, we can discern important differences in the spread of Latin inscriptions between the frontier provinces on the periphery, where the army always had a strong impact, and the 'unarmed' provinces of the interior. In keeping with this general picture, the Lower Rhine frontier zone may be characterized as an area with a dense distribution of Latin inscriptions. 5 Within the frontier area itself, however, there were important differences. There is no doubt, 3 4 s Bloemers 1978, 105, 107 and fig. 24; Willems 1984, 235. Roymans 1996, 72-76. Cf. Derks 1998, 82, fig. 3.2 for a map of the votive inscriptions from the area. Seal-boxes and the spread of Latin literacy in the Rhine delta 89 for instance, that the number of inscriptions erected in the vicinity of Cologne far exceeded those in the area to the north and west of the Aachen-Neuss line. 6 If we focus on the latter part of the frontier area, detailed mapping at site level of all examples of monumental writing, both fragments and more complete specimens, also reveals a marked contrast between the civitas of the Batavians and that of their neighbours, the Cananefates (fig. 7.2).7 While several dozen examples of monumental writing have been recorded for the Batavian territory, including a fair number from rural settlement sites, inscriptions from the Cananefatian territory are not only few in number, but have until now been totally absent from the countryside. 8 To what extent are these different inscription densities a direct reflection of varying degrees of Latin literacy? Clearly, low inscription densities often refer to an absence of the necessary pre-conditions for the rise of an epigraphical culture, rather than to an absence of Latin literacy. 9 The small number of Latin inscriptions from the Gallic interior, as opposed to the frontier zone, may be explained in this way. Conversely, the high inscription density in the area around Cologne may be positively singled out in the same vein: the nearby presence of the provincial capital and, in an earlier phase, of the Roman colony, and the intense veteran settlement which went hand-in-hand with it, may have significantly contributed to the rise of an epigraphical culture. But the observed differences with and within the rest of the Lower Rhine frontier must also be explained in terms of other factors. One obvious explanation is the presence or absence of nearby quarries or outcrops of natural stone. This will have affected not only the actual number of inscriptions put up under the empire, but perhaps also the intensity of their re-use in post-Roman periods. Moreover, although we may have to assume that the contrast between the Batavian territory and that of their neighbours was not as clear-cut as it now appears, 10 there are good reasons for believing that the differences do reflect the original distribution. While these differences must in part be linked to differences in landscape, settlement patterns and population size,ll they may also be explained by varying degrees of interaction with the Roman army as dictated by different recruiting intensities. 12 Seal-boxes: use and typo-chronology What does the evidence of seal-boxes add to this picture? Initially regarded as perfume boxes, amulet-holders, or pendants,B seal-boxes are now generally accepted as having been con- 6 7 s 9 10 11 12 13 Cf. Derks 1998, fig. 3.17. Included in the mapping are the inscriptions recorded by CIL XIII and the supplementa published in the BRGK. The recording of later finds makes no claim to being exhaustive. Milestones, military diplomata, the incertae of CIL XIII 8831-32 and the inscription from 'Egmond' (CIL XIII 8829), whose find-spot is unknown, are not included. Typically, at least 3 of the 4 inscriptions found at Voorburg-Forum Hadriani were set up by people from elsewhere. Cf. Derks 1998, 86, n.55. Woolf 1996. For instance, it seems hardly conceivable that no inscriptions at all were erected in the countryside of the civitas Cananefatium. Large parts of the Cananefates territory consisted of Holland peat, where hardly any settlements have been found. Cf. Bloemers 1978, Appendix 8 (= Archaeological map of the Netherlands, sheet 5 /8). The Cananefates contributed just one ala and one cohors. Alfbldy 1968, 14, 51-52; Spaul 1994, 77-79; Spaul 2000, 238. For antiquarian views regarding the pieces discussed here, see Smetius and Smetius 1678, 154, who described the objects in their private collection as thecae ex aere ad adores vel amuleta. The latter function was summarized by the argument that singulis in angulo adest annulus, quo pixides istas e colla suspensas olim Veteres gestanmt, a reference to Varro, LL 6 (Smetius and Smetius 1678, 19 f.). Cf. also Leemans 1842, 126 f. (with regard to our cat. 10: 'reukdoosje, in den vorm eener bulla ... waarmede men den invloed van booze geesten meende af te wenden'); Holwerda 1908, 202 f. (our cat. 3.5, x.14-x.18: 'medaillondoosjes, amuletten?') and, more recently, Mertens and Cahen 1970,70 (our cat. 121.1: 'bruleparfum') and Hinz 1971, 164 (cat. 108.2-3: 'Kapselamulett'). Seal-boxes in a very incomplete state of preservation have also regularly been viewed as pendants (cf. Holwerda 1938, 50, in connection with T. Derks and N. Roymans 90 Beg inn --J!i!f!!l---t-der Aunenschrift Zeugensiegel Zeugennamen Fig. 7.3. Reconstruction of a triptychon with the seals of testes imprinted in the wax over the cord which ran through the central groove on the back of the second tablet (after Wilmanns 1981, Abb. 5). tainers for wax imprints used to seal a range of items, and written documents in particular.l 4 The sealing of texts was a widespread practice in the Roman period. We need to ask precisely what kind of texts the seal-boxes were used for. We must distinguish here between legal documents, which include various kinds of testationes, 15 on the one hand, and the private texts of single individuals, on the other. For legal documents like lease contracts, notes of hand or wills, triptycha (i.e., sets of three stilus tablets) were generally used (fig. 7.3). In order to prevent unauthorized changes to the text of these documents, the first two tablets of the triptyc/wn were bound together with a cord that was drawn around the tablets and through a deeper groove running parallel to the short sides and right across the back of the second tablet. After the groove had been filled with wax, a number of witnesses testified to the authenticity of the document by printing their seals in the wax over the cord, one under the other. To simplify 14 15 our cat. 134.1, and Erdrich 1999, in connection with our cat. 131) or brooches (Jacobi 1897, 559, Taf. 69.11; DeClerck 1983, 284, describing our cat. 118.1). We should point out that the brief discussion of the seal-boxes by the Smetii appears to be the oldest extant description of the category of small finds under discussion here. Cf. the key finds from Wroxeter discussed by Bushe-Fox 1916, 27-29. With regard to the question of what the seal-boxes were used to seal, it must be conceded that very few seal-boxes have been found in conjunction with the items they sealed. Whereas an example from Trier apparently sealed a leather pouch containing a roll of aurei (which seems to be part of the biggest Roman gold coin hoard ever: Gilles 1994, 19), the National Museum of Antiquities in Leiden exhibits together a wax tablet from Egypt with a seal-box that was allegedly found in association with it (Devijver et al. 1989). Although in the latter case doubts have been raised about the association between the two objects, we can say in defence that the dating of both items at least does not rule out an association. Thanks to a reference to Leg III Cyr, the tablet may be dated before A.D. 106, when this legion was transferred to Arabia, whereas the seal-box type (circular with a riveted zoomorphic decoration) must be dated to the second half of the 1st c. or the earliest decades of the 2nd (Feugere and Abauzit 1995, 50). Included in this category are copies of official documents such as birth certificates, marriage certificates, and the well-known military diplomata. Seal-boxes and the spread of Latin literacy in the Rhine delta 91 identification of their seals, their names were written next to the seals. This method of sealing, with no recourse made to seal-boxes, was the standard procedure for all legal documents. 16 Seal-boxes were used to protect single seals from damage. They therefore must relate to the sealing of private documents, which were sealed using the imprint of the author's .signet ringY The most logical category of documents we can think of here is private letters. 18 In the NW provinces, such letters were drawn up in two different forms: either as stilus tablets or as leaf tablets. Generally smaller than stilus tablets, leaf tablets were unsuitable for re-use, and hence probably cheaper. As far as we can judge from the copious Vindolanda material, they were mainly used for short notes pertaining to the daily routine of army units. 19 As far as their use for correspondence is concerned, it should be borne in mind that many of the Vindolanda letters constitute locally-dumped draft versions or privately kept copies rather than the actual letters themselves. 20 Moreover, many of the preserved examples also appear to lack the physical characteristics necessary for sealing, such as tie holes or, at the very least, notches,21 and those tablets which do have them generally carry text on the part where we would expect the seal-box to be. 22 Finally, it is questionable whether the particular vulnerability of leaf tablets allowed them to be sealed by means of a seal-box, since the back of a folded tablet could easily be broken when the cord was tightened. So, although we cannot rule out the possibility that seal-boxes were used in connection with letters on leaf tablets, we assume that most will have been used to seal letters on wax tablets. Seal-boxes are known from the Late Republican period (1st c. B.C.) until the end of the 3rd c. A.D. Under the Empire, they were used intensively in the context of the Roman army, and we can assume that they were introduced by the army in the NW provinces. Virtually all sealboxes preserved today are made of copper alloy. 23 We can distinguish 5 basic shapes: semioval, rectangular or square, circular, leaf-shaped and rhombic (fig. 7.4). 24 Additional features, such as the number of perforations in the base, and the presence or absence of certain decorative patterns on the lid, help refine this initial division further. We can establish the following typo-chronology, based on the frequency with which the different types occur in the welldated army-camps of the limes. The earliest seal-boxes are semi-oval in shape, characterized by a convex, flattened base and a plain, flat lid. 25 Such seal-boxes are known from several Late Iron Age oppida, including 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Wilmanns 1981, 16 ff.; Haensch 1996. Photographs of some good examples can be found in Camodeca 1999. Cf. Derks 1998, 229. See also Franzius 1992, 374; Feugere and Abauzit 1995,50 f.; Haensch 1996,453. More than half of the leaf tablets are notes in shorthand, day-reports of groups performing specific functions, applications for leave, and various kinds of accounts and lists. As Bowman and Thomas 1994,42 argued, on the basis of textual criticism. However, the description of the tablet format is generally insufficient to enable us to assess the relative proportion lacking these characteristics. For example, Tab. Vindol. II 310, 312, 343. Two bone examples from Frankfurt-Heddernheim (cat. 11.6-7), and two iron specimens from Velsen (cat. 75.2-3) are the apparent exceptions to those discussed in this paper. Several seal-boxes in other materials are known from find-spots outside our geographical limits: three lead items from Sisak, Croatia (Koscevic 2000), two tin ones from Lyon (Turcan 1987, nos. 852-53), as well as one in ivory (Nicholls 1983, 27, no. 98). The conditions necessary for their preservation will certainly have had a negative effect on the number of bone and iron examples now known. Other forms occur incidentally, such as the two lanceolate specimens from Mainz (RGZM Inv. no. 0.25007; unpublished) and Ostia (Mus. Ostiense inv. no. 3940; Eibl 1994, 285, Abb. 16). Examples with unusual forms, such as the two circular seal-boxes with 8 spokes soldered around the rim from Nijmegen-castra (cat. 7.12) and Neuss (cat. 84.13), or the rhomboid seal-box from the former Kam collection now preserved at the Museum Het Valkhof at Nijmegen (cat. x.13), are essentially derivatives of the above-mentioned basic shapes. Abauzit and Feugere 1993, with an extensive inventory. T. Derks and N. Roymans 92 ｔｾｮｯＭ｣ｨｲｬｧ＠ of bronze seal-boxes 1 AD 100AD 200AD 300AD 400AD Fig. 7.4. Generalized typo-chronology of Roman bronze seal-boxes, with shaded parts of the bars indicating the presence of enamel decoration. Alesia (France) and the Altenburg (SW Germany), 26 as well as from the earliest Roman army camps. To date, two semi-oval seal-boxes have been found at the Middle Augustan military base at Dangstetten, while 5 were recovered during recent excavations at the large Middle Augustan camp at Nijmegen-'Hunerberg' and 3 during excavations at the nearby camp on the 'Kops Plateau'. 27 Their absence in all later camps leads us to conclude that this type was out of use by the Late Augustan period. The presence of 6 square and 3 circular seal-boxes in Dangstetten shows that the earliest examples of both these types are more or less contemporary with the latest semi-oval types. Since only square seal-boxes have been reported from the Late Augustan sites of Haltern (1 example), Kalkriese (4) and Augsburg-Oberhausen (2), 2 8 and since boxes of this type prevail among those documented for the Tiberian base at Velsen (3 out of 4) and the pre-Flavian military base at Nijmegen-'Kops Plateau' (of the 21 items which could be 26 27 28 Cizmar 1990. The example from Ecly (cat. 162) is a surface find from a site which may be a small spring sanctuary adjacent to a settlement which starts in the Late Iron Age (information from B. Lambot). We should perhaps view oval seal-boxes, which are unknown from the area under consideration, as a later development of this type. The oval seal-boxes from the British Museum, cited by Walters (1899, 307 nos. 2225, 2228-31) and those from the Wellcome collection (Nicholls 1983, 26 f., nos. 99-101) all bear a relief with a representation of an imperial portrait or a god or goddess. The semi-oval seal-box from the Altenburg bears on the lid a relief with a representation of Mercury. For the Kops Plateau, which was occupied from c.10 B.C. until A.D. 69, no contextual data are yet available. The provenance from an Augustan context is beyond doubt for only a single item from the large site of the castra (cat. 7.62). A second specimen (cat. 7.20) is a loose find, while the context data for a third (cat. 7.23) are now lost. The two remaining boxes came from Flavian contexts connected to the canabae. However, material from disturbed older contexts belonging to the Augustan camp situated on the same site may be mixed in. Hubener 1973, 81 f., and Taf. 11.15. Seal-boxes and the spread of Latin literacy in the Rhine delta 93 identified, 13 are rectangular or square, and only 3 circular), we may safely conclude that rectangular or square seal-boxes were predominant in the first half of the 1st c. 29 Although this type probably lasted until the early Flavian period, as perhaps illustrated by 4 examples from Rheingonheim, 30 the proportion of square to circular seal-boxes was reversed from the Claudian period onwards. While of the 27 examples from Hofheim that were described fully enough to categorize their shape, 25 belong to the circular type, of the 68 seal-boxes recovered from the site jointly used by the Augustan castJ·a and the Flavian canabae at Nijmegen, 53 were circular (21 stemmed from Flavian contexts, the rest were loose finds). Theoretically, the latter might all originate from contexts associated with the Augustan castra, but since circular ｳ･｡ｬｾ＠ boxes were rare before the Claudian period, we assume that the number actually originating from such contexts will be few. This is reinforced by the fact that a fair number of them belong to a variant characterized by 4, rather than 3, perforations in the base and a separately cast, zoomorphic decoration riveted onto the lid. This type is generally dated to the second half of the 1st c. 31 The earliest examples of the leaf-shaped type appear shortly before the Flavian period: bases of two small specimens are known from the pre-Flavian camp at Nijmegen-'Kops Plateau', and a third stems from Vetera I at Xanten. From the Flavian canabae at Nijmegen, 5 leaf-shaped boxes are known, three of which are smaller specimens decorated with a white metal coating and a design of punched dots, probably originally furnished with niello inlay; 32 the other two (partially preserved) belong to the larger examples, one of which bears a champleve enamel decoration on the lid, like all larger examples of this type. They date from the very end of the 1st or beginning of the 2nd c. onwards. Finally, the rhombic seal-box is the most recent type and the only one whose lid was always enamelled. 33 The one example found in the canabae at Nijmegen probably dates from the Flavian period, making it one of the earliest examples of its type. As the many examples reported for the army camps of the Obergermanisch-Raetischer Limes clearly indicate,3 4 from the 2nd c. onwards virtually all seal-boxes, including the square and circular ones, were decorated with enamel inlay on the lid. 35 Distribution patterns of seal-boxes inN Gaul and the civitas Batavorum The inventory of seal-boxes presented in this paper is based on two sources. In addition to making an inventory of all the examples known to us from the Netherlands, both published and unpublished, we examined seal-boxes from the literature for a large part of the frontier as well as for parts of the hinterland. We then mapped and classified the find-spots in accordance with the following categories: Late Iron Age oppida, army camps and the military settlements surrounding them, urban settlements of civitas capitals and vici, rural settlements and, finally, rural sanctuaries. A comparison of the distribution patterns of seal-boxes in N Gaul and the civitas Batavorum reveals some striking differences. Let us, in reverse order, first consider the general distribution in the frontier area and the hinterland (fig. 7.5). What strikes us immediately is the high concentration of seal-boxes in the military sites along the limes. Seal-boxes are known from almost every army camp where 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 With the exception of those found at Kalkriese, which had embossed lead (imperial?) portraits on the lid, all these examples now have plain lids. Cat. 99.5-8. Feugere and Abauzit 1995 and 2000. Additions to their catalogue, apart from the unpublished examples presented here, may be found in Kisa 1896, 73, no. 1429 (panther?, described as a sphinx) and Nicholls 1983, no. 102 (panther?, described as a fawn). Cat. 7.18-7.19, 7.66. One possible exception is an isolated lid from Evreux (cat. 115), if the object is really to be identified as part of a seal-box. See, for instance, the large series of boxes from Zugmantel and the Saalburg (cat. 88 and 91). In the case of square boxes, the number of perforations in the base seems to allow for discrimination between the early plain examples (3 holes) and their later enamelled counterparts (4 holes), even when the lid is missing. T. Derks and N. Roymans 94 ｾＬＧ＠ Q'Qq;; < :;;C 'Y:125 .,. 145" 102 HlOkm Fig. 7.5. Distribution of seal-boxes inN Gaul and the Rhineland according to find contexts. A- Late Iron Age oppida; B - forts and fortresses including canabae and vici; C - civitas capitals; D - rural centres (vici); E- rural settlements including cemeteries; F- sanctuaries (large symbols= more than 5 sealboxes; numbering corresponds to that in Appendix 2). substantial excavations or surveys have taken place, sometimes in great numbers, as in the military settlements on the Hunerberg and the Kops Plateau at Nijmegen (68 and 22), in Vechten (29) or in Zugmantel (27). In the hinterland, seal-boxes have been reported particularly in civitas capitals and rural centres, and a substantial number in sanctuaries. In contrast, they are virtually unknown in rural settlements, including villa sites. If we look at the distribution of seal-boxes in the E part of the Dutch river area, the heartland of the Batavian civitas, we observe some similarities, but also striking differences, to the general patterns outlined above (fig. 7.6). Our inventory of seal-boxes from public and private collections in this part of the Netherlands now includes more than 250 items. In keeping with the general pattern, here too large numbers originate from military settlements, as well as from the civitas capital at Nijmegen. 36 Two boxes are known from a funeral context in Nijmegen: one 36 Since the site of the Roman town was a well-known find-spot for Roman antiquities in the early 17th c., a significant number of the 33 seal-boxes which were mentioned by father and son Smetius in the catalogue of their private collection (Smetius and Smetius 1678, 19, 125) can be added to those listed in our Appendix. Although unusual items from the collection, part of which was sold to the Elector at Dusseldorf in 1704, have been identified in several German museums (Langereis 1999, 115), we must Seal-boxes and the spread of Latin literacy in the Rhine delta ; :c I 95 0 GERMAII!; " E * 4 F 1/446' /j/4 . ..--· '-. \. -\ "· • 10 '· ...... ｷｾ＠ ( ' ' \ Fig. 7.6. Distribution of seal-boxes in the civitas Batavorum area according to find contexts. B - forts and fortresses including canabae and vici; C - civitas capital; D - rural centres ( vici); E - rural settlements; F - sanctuary (large symbols = more than 5 seal-boxes; numbering corresponds to that in Appendix I). from a cemetery south of the Kops Plateau, the other from the cemetery belonging to the 1st-c. oppidum Batavorum, the precursor of the town of Ulpia Noviomagus. 37 Although grave finds are rare (and difficult to interpret),3 8 they are not unknown. Quite remarkable is the substantial number of seal-boxes from the rural temple complex at Empel, where no less than 26 have been documented.39 These have been interpreted as the material remains of letters to the gods, containing petitions for help, probably couched in terms of the well-known mmcupationes. 40 Most surprising, however, is the frequency with which seal-boxes occur in rural settlements. In order to visualize the relative frequency with which seal-boxes occur in the categories of sites we distinguish, the respective proportions for both maps are presented in two pairs of diagrams (figs. 7.7-7.8). In each case the left-hand diagram shows the relative importance of each type of site as a percentage of the total number of sites, whereas the right-hand one presents it 37 38 39 40 now regard the remaining seal-boxes as untraceable, due to their common form and the brief description of their shape (aliquae rotundae, nonnul/ae quadratae, aliae cordis figura) and function (supra n.13). Cat. 6.23 and 8.1. Cf. Kolling 1972, Feugere 1993, 148 and Feugere and Abauzit 1995, 49, who, with reference to Diodorus 5.28, interpret seal-boxes in funeral contexts as remains of letters given to the dead. In contrast, in her discussion of different forms of writing equipment in graves, Von Boeselager 1989 stresses their function as symbolic references to the profession the deceased had exercised. Certainly, this view seems preferable when different forms of writing equipment were associated in one and the same grave, and even more so when the items concerned refer to the command of both techniques of writing, in wax as well as in ink. Cat. 67.1-67.26. Derks and Swinkels 1994; Derks 1995; id. 1998, 215-39, esp. 226 ff. See now also Bagnall Smith 1999. T. Derks and N. Roymans 96 Numtier of sites in % Numtier of seal-tioxes in Ofo n=67 n=271 .2 33 82 10 9 Military camps D Sanctuaries Roman towns and vici D Rural settlements Fig. 7.7. Diagram showing, for the seal-boxes from the civitas Batavorum, the relative importance of find contexts as a percentage of the total number of sites (left) and as a percentage of the total number of sealboxes (right). Numtier of sites in Ofo Numtier of seal-tioxes in Ofo n=92 n=336 10 29 22 25 Military camps Roman towns and vici D D Sanctuaries Rural settlements Fig. 7.8. Diagram showing, for the seal-boxes from N Gaul, the relative importance of find contexts as a percentage of the total number of sites (left) and as a percentage of the total number of seal-boxes (right). Seal-boxes and the spread of Latin literacy in the Rhine delta Ｍｾ 97 as a percentage of the total number of seal-boxes. 41 Two figures spring to our attention here. First, the supposed importance of seal-boxes in military contexts is reflected in the fact that more than onethird of all sites (35%) are army camps which account for 61% of all seal-boxes known from N Gaul. Second, whereas rural settlements represent only 11% of all sites or 10% of all seal-boxes for the whole of N Gaul, in the Batavian area this category accounts for 82% of all sites and 34% of all seal-boxes. 42 ' 5Dm .... \1) ｾ＠ E' (J) 0:: Seal-boxes from rural sites Almost all seal-boxes from these rural sites are stray finds from plough-soil discovered by metal detection. It would appear that seal-boxes may be reported for almost every site where metal detec.·d tion has taken place during the last 10 years. In addition, most of the boxes from these sites are in a very incomplete condition: for many examples, only fragments of the lid or the base have been preserved. This could suggest that the boxes were intensively re-used before being discarded. The rural sites where sealboxes have been found are all simple ｾ＠ settlements with native farmhouses of opgegraven _ r - 1 the type mentioned above. During current excavated L-.1 excavations of two such settlements, the I ｮｩｾｴ＠ opgegraven- CJ first examples from excavated contexts no! excavatep__ _ have been documented, giving some deFig. 7.9. Global distribution of seal-boxes in the rural tailed information on their spatial consettlement of Oosterhout (information P. van den Broeke, text. Three seal-boxes have been recoverBureau Archeologie Gemeente Nijmegen). ed from a settlement at Oosterhout, just north of Nijmegen (fig. 7.9), while our own excavations of a settlement at Tiel have produced 6 (fig. 7.10). 43 In both cases, we can rule out special depositions: the seal-boxes were found as stray finds in farmyards or in dumps in ditches. One plausible conclusion is that the boxes were used for sealing letters that were originally preserved in the farmhouses. \ The excavation of wells in two settlements in 1998 and 2000 produced fragments of stilus tablets, which may have belonged to such letters. For instance, the larger part of a tablet was retrieved from the water-logged infill of a well at the settlement of Ophemert-'De Steendert' 41 42 43 For the sake of comparison, the seal-boxes from oppida, which do not occur in the Batavian area, have been excluded from the diagrams relating to N Gaul. The latter percentage becomes even more important if we consider the unprecedentedly large numbers recently recovered during large-scale excavations at the military sites at Nijmegen, in particular the castra and canabae. Cf. cat. 31.1-31.3 and 45.1-45.6. For a seventh specimen, seep. 127 (addendum at the end of Appendix 1). T. Derks and N. Roymans 98 Tiei-Passewaaij \ * * * * * \ 0 100m Fig. 7.1 0. Distribution of seal-boxes in the rural settlement and adjacent cemetery at Tiel-Passewaaij (excavations by the Archaeological Institute of the Free University, 1996-200 I). While none has been found in the cemetery, two were recovered from a rest channel, the remainder from farmyards. (fig. 7.11).44 Unfortunately, as is the case with so many examples from other sites, it has not yet been possible to decipher any of the text. Since one of its sides has been left smooth, the format at least does not rule out the possibility that it was part of a letter. Small fragments of stilus tablets were also found during excavations at the above-mentioned settlement of Oosterhout.45 None bears any visible traces of writing. From their shape and size, we can surmise that these scraps constituted at least three different tablets, and since all three had one side left smooth, they must have belonged to at least two diptycha. To sum up, if both the presence of seal-boxes and the absence of physical characteristics of testationes (such as a central sulcus) support the idea that the tablet fragments from these rural sites are the remains of correspondence, these finds confirm the theory that Latin letters were a common phenomenon in the countryside of the Batavian civitas 46 (compare the comments on the distribution of stili on rural settlements in Britain by Hanson and Conolly, below). 44 45 46 A wooden wine barrel was used in the construction of the well. The wood of the partially stamped staves has been determined as abies alba, with the date of felling set dendrochronologically at A.D. 64. S Gaulish Samian ware and a handle of a Dr. 20 amphora with a Flavian stamp have been recovered from the infill. Unpublished, information from E. Verhelst (BATO, Tiel). Unpublished, information from P. W. van den Broeke (Bureau Archeologie Gemeente Nijmegen). Our Institute is currently drawing up additional inventories of items relating to a writing culture (e.g., Seal-boxes and the spread of Latin literacy in the Rhine delta 99 Fig. 7.11. Part of a stilus tablet found in the infill of a well from the Flavian period in a rural settlement at Ophemet1- 'De Steendert' (unpublished). The representativeness of the Batavian situation for other Roman frontier areas In evaluating the distribution map of seal-boxes in the civitas Batavorum (fig. 7.6), we should not lose sight of the fact that we are dealing here with an exceptional situation. The following factors played a role in this area: 1. the extremely high supply of auxiliary troops; 2. the high population density in the Holocene river landscape compared to that of the coastal areas to the west and the Pleistocene sand areas to the south; 3. the excellent state of preservation of bronze objects on sites in the Holocene clay soils, in contrast to the more acidic sandy soils to the south, where small bronze items may have been completely corroded; 4. the relatively favourable archaeo-political climate in the Netherlands. Many metal detectorists are willing to report their finds to official institutions or show them to specialists. In short, the dense concentration of seal-boxes in the civitas Batavorum is partly a product of special historical circumstances and partly the result of specific post-depositional processes. The differences from other regions within Germania Inferior are probably reat as is suggested by the distribution of monumental inscriptions (fig. 7.2) - which shows more or less the same patterns despite contrasting post-depositional processes - but they are certainly less extreme than the actual distribution map suggests. While the blank zones to the west of the Batavian heartland may to a large extent reflect the historical situation, 47 those in the German Rhineland are also the result of a different archaeo-political climate in that area which makes it difficult for metal detectorists to report their finds. Letters and native farmhouses What kind of letters were preserved in these native farmhouses? Clearly, this question is difficult to answer. The most plausible explanation is to assume a connection with the Roman army, and to see the letters as evidence of a private correspondence kept up by individual 47 signet rings, inkwells, stili). The evidence collected is substantial and supports the ideas presented here. Only for the modern Westland, the densely populated SW part of the Cananefates territory, might the distribution be seriously affected by post-depositional processes, since this area is now largely covered in greenhouses and therefore inaccessible for metal-detection. No seal-boxes have been found during recent excavations in Delfland (pers. comm. H. van Londen). Cf. also above n.ll. 100 T. Derks and N. Roymans Batavian auxiliary soldiers with their home families in the Rhine delta. At this point, it may be important to consider once again the evidence of the Vindolanda tablets. As may be concluded from the many different hands in which requests for leave and other formulaic reports were written, Latin literacy was certainly not the prerogative of a few members of the officer class but was widely spread among soldiers in the lower ranks. 48 Soldiers and officers corresponded with relatives and friends in their homeland, and the answering letters seem to have been accompanied incidentally by small despatches of goods, in particular clothing. Illustrative is a leaf tablet describing a consignment of pairs of socks, two pairs of sandals, and two pairs of underpants to a soldier, probably from his homeland. 49 We see a similar pattern in the correspondence from soldiers to their families preserved on Egyptian papyri. The general impression is that soldiers remained very dependent on the home front for their clothing, as well as for all kinds of extras, especially during their first years of service. 50 However, since many veterans, especially the Batavians, returned to their homeland after completing their time of service, we may conclude that a regular exchange of information between soldier and homeland continued beyond his initial years as a recruit. In order to avoid returning to a completely unknown world, they will have had to keep in touch with friends and relatives throughout their 25 years of service. If we can thus establish the existence of a regular correspondence between auxiliary soldiers and their friends and relatives at home, the question arises as to how letters were delivered. 51 Although there was an imperial postal service, its use was strictly regulated. Whereas military commanders and high-ranking officials could use it under exceptional circumstances (the remainder of the time they had to engage imperial slaves or soldiers charged with courier services),5 2 private individuals had to rely on their informal network. This may have consisted primarily of soldiers who were travelling on duty or going on leave. 53 The greater the number of men serving in a regiment that originated from one and the same recruiting ground, the easier it may have been for individual soldiers of that unit to organize collective postal despatches on a more or less regular basis. Seal-boxes and Latin literacy among the rural population of the Rhine delta What does the occurrence of seal-boxes, and the circulation of letters we infer from this, tell us about the spread of Latin literacy among the rural population of the Rhine delta? The fact that letters were kept in native farmhouses does not necessarily imply that those receiving them were able to read them themselves or to write letters in return. Nevertheless, we should not under-estimate the degree of Latin literacy among the rural population in the Batavian area. Veterans returning to their homeland after their service undoubtedly played a key role here. Their presence is revealed not only in the occurrence of Roman nzilitaria in almost every native settlement, 54 but also in the finds of several military diplonzata. 55 It should be noted that sealed letters on stilus tablets represent only one form of Latin writing, which means that literacy was more widely spread than suggested by the distribution map of seal-boxes alone. The typo-chronology of seal-boxes outlined above may also provide us with some clues about the progression of Latin literacy in the Batavian area. Whereas the semi-oval type of seal-box is known to the area, its occurrence is strictly confined to the military sites on the Hunerberg 48 49 so 51 52 53 54 55 Bowman and Thomas 1983, 52, 71, who refer to about SO different hands for the collection in Tab Vindol I collection. Cf. also Bowman 1994, 88. Tab. Vindol. II, 346 Carrie 1992, 136. Speidel1996, 82 ff. with the older literature. Cf. Tab. Vindol. II 255 and 295; Eck 1995, 7. Speidel1996, 83, with nn. 11-13. An inventory is currently being drawn up by J. Nicolay (d. id. forthcoming). On the military diplomata of Lower Germany, see Haalebos forthcoming. Seal-boxes and the spread of Latin literacy in the Rhine delta G£RM4;v/4 /lf 4 6' Ill 4 101 oe /· -._: ﾷｾＭ＠ ' .. 10 20km Fig. 7.12. Distribution of square seal-boxes in the civitas Batavorum according to find contexts (for legend, see fig. 7 .6). and the Kops Plateau. Not until the appearance of the square seal-box with a plain lid, in use during the Augustan-Tiberian period, did that pattern change (fig. 7.12). As the map shows, the distribution now extended to the civitas capital of Nijmegen, as well as to several rural settlements and the cult place at Empel. Against this background, we might speak of the modest beginnings of Latin writing in the earliest Imperial period. The great majority of the seal-boxes, however, have to be dated to the later 1st and especially the 2nd c. A.D. Final comments What are the implications of the above analysis for discussion of the diffusion of Latin literacy in Gaul and the Germanic provinces? Traditionally, Latin writing has been associated with a social and economic upper class that was integrated into the wider networks of the empire. 56 Historical evidence shows that members of the elite acquired an extensive knowledge of Latin through the medium of formal schooling during their youth. 57 Archaeological data have simply confirmed this picture; for example, the rich burial find at Nijmegen-West (late 1st c. A.D.), which contains a broad set of grave goods, including an inkwell, a wax spatula and some stili (fig. 7.13). It has been generally assumed until now that the lower social groups living in the countryside were not familiar with Latin writing. The picture presented here for 56 57 Creighton 2000, 146-73. He uses a 'top-down' model in his sociolinguistic analysis of the diffusion of Latin in Roman Britain and Gaul. According to him, Latin began as an elite language, as a "prestige good" and a medium of discourse amongst the elite. The son of the Batavian leader Civilis, for example, was educated at the Roman colony of Cologne (Tac., Hist. 4.63), and the one of Arminius' brother Flavus, called Italicus, was educated at Rome (Tac., Ann. 11, 16; cf. also Ann. 2.10). Leading families of many tribes who had concluded a treaty with Rome had to send their sons as hostages (obsides) to Rome, where, as part of this agreement, these future noblemen were trained in all aspects of Roman culture, including the Latin language. 102 T. Derks and N. Roymans Fig. 7.13. Furnishings of grave 8 in the walled graveyard of the cemetery of Nijmegen-West, including an umbo, a shield grip, two spear heads (foreground left), an inkwell, a wax spatula, a knife, and two stili (foreground centre). Photo: Museum Het Valkhof, Nijmegen. the civitas Batavorum diverges markedly from this view. We have evidence in this region for a widespread knowledge of literacy among rural populations. As stated above, this was probably the result of a specific Latinization process, which operated via the army and affected broad sections of Batavian society in the 1st c. A.D. Veterans returning home from service and active soldiers who corresponded with relatives and friends in their homeland were the driving forces behind this development. The implicit assumption is that most Batavian auxiliary soldiers enjoyed informal training in writing and reading Latin while in the army. The seal-boxes provide clues as to how Latin literacy penetrated by way of the army into the lower levels of Batavian society. However, the influence of Latin was not confined to written culture. Without doubt it also brought about a radical transformation of the native spoken language. The immense and diverse impact of the Roman army meant that Latin was as important in the frontier area as in the interior of Gaul, perhaps even more so. There are good reasons for assuming that here, much in the same way as in Spain or S Gaul, the original native language gave way to vulgar Latin in the first two centuries A.D. The vulgar Latin of the Batavians may have contained strong elements of army slang, combined with elements of the original indigenous language.ss An interesting problem is the extent to which the acquisition of Latin writing by lower social groups was motivated by cultural factors - i.e. a desire to participate in Roman culture. The fact that the great majority of the indigenous population in the Rhine delta lived in traditional settlements barely touched by Roman architecture and comfortable living conditions warns us that we should not attribute too much significance to this factor. The broad masses seem to have been motivated by more pragmatic considerations, in particular by the social advantages connected with using the new language: the ability to function adequately in the army, to communicate with friends and relatives over great distances, and to reap the 58 With this view we are adopting a position in opposition to the recent work of Toorians 2000 and 2001, who, in his reconstruction of linguistic developments in the Lower Rhine region in the Roman period, minimizes the impact of Latin and focuses all his attention on the question of whether the population of the time spoke a Celtic or a Germanic language. Seal-boxes and the spread of Latin literacy in the Rhine delta 103 economic benefits. Although we may conclude that command of Latin was much more widespread than we have supposed, it remains to be seen whether this also means that, contrary to the Roman perception of Batavians as barbarians, the broad mass of the Batavian population had really become receptive to the sounds of Roman poetry. 59 One final question remains to be asked. Why did Latin have such a minimal influence on the post-Roman linguistic development in the Lower Rhine area? Why is Dutch not a Latin language, like French and Spanish? The answer is simple. The strong discontinuity in habitation in late-Roman times and the Migration period, combined with the massive influx of new Germanic-speaking groups from the 3rd c. onwards, brought about a clean break in the Latin linguistic heritage in the region, which ultimately prevented it from being transmitted to the Middle Ages. Just as Latin was readily adopted as a spoken and written language in the 1st c. A.D. when the Rhine delta had become part of the Roman frontier, so too it was abandoned again in the 3rd c. when the historical constellations had changed decisively. Although, in accordance with 19th-c. national ideologies, the relationship between people and language has long been conceptualized as exclusive and permanent, 60 the example of the Batavians demonstrates that this relationship was much more flexible and pragmatic in pre-modern times than we have often supposed. Acknowledgements This publication is one of the results of the project 'The Batavians. Ethnic identity in a frontier situation', financed by the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO). The authors wish to thank Alison Cooley and Lawrence Keppie for the invitation to participate in the conference session at Glasgow, as well as for their initiative in having the papers published in this collective volume. Without the help of many amateur archaeologists who gave us access to their private collections, this paper could not have acquired its present form. For access to public archives of unpublished material and permission for publication, for drawings of seal-boxes in their collections, and for various other forms of help and support, we would like to thank the following colleagues and friends: R. Bockius (Mainz), A. Bosman (Santpoort), C. Bridger (Xanten), P. van den Broeke (Nijmegen), B. Brouwenstijn (Amsterdam), C. Delplace (Athies-Mons), H. van Enckevort (Nijmegen), B. Gesemann (Mainz), U. Heimberg (Bonn), G. Hensen (Tongeren), J. Hoevenberg (Heerlen), F. Horbach (Maastricht), E. Kunzl (Mainz), B. Lambot (Compiegne), M. Martens (Tienen), J. Nicolay (Amsterdam), J. Schatorje (Venlo), L. Swinkels (Nijmegen), J. Thijssen (Nijmegen), A. Vanderhoeven (Tongeren), E. Verhelst (Tiel), H. Vroon (Eck en Wiel), A. Zwart (Nijmegen). All illustrations were done by B. Brouwenstijn (AIVU, Amsterdam) with the exception of the seal-box drawings of cat. 7.12 and 7.20-23, which were done by R. Reijnen (KU Nijmegen), cat. 7.65-68, 8.3, 9.2-3, 9.5-13,9.15-19, and 11, which were done by A. Simons (Bureau Archeologie Gemeente Nijmegen), and cat. 18.2 by J. Hulst (ROB, Amersfoort). The drawings of cat. no. 116 were done at the Thermenmuseum, Heerlen. We would also like to thank Annette Visser for revising the English text. Abbreviation CAG = Carte Archeologique de Ia Gaule References Abauzit, P. and M. Feugere 1993. "La correspondance au Ier s. av. J.-C. Les boites a sceau en forme de bourse," in M. Monteil (ed.), Les foui/les de Ia Z.A.C. des Hailes ii Nimes (Card) (Bull. Ecole antique Nimes, Sup pl. 1) 305-6 Abeleven, Th. H. A. Nijmegen) 59 60 J. and Bijleveld, C. G. J. 1895. Catalogus van het Museum van Oudheden te Nijmegen (4th edn., Cf. 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Atti del congresso Torino, 1993 (BCH Suppl. 29) 449-96 Hagen, J. 1906. "Ausgewahlte romische Graber a us Koln," BJ 114/15, 379-441 Hanel, N. 1995. Vetera I. Die Fzmde nus den riimischen Lagern auf dem Fiirstenberg bei Xanten (Rheinische Archaologie 35) Hatt, J.-J. 1953. "Les fouilles de Ia ruelle Saint-Medard a Strasbourg," Gal/in 11, 225-48 Hettner, F. 1903. Illustrierte Fiihrer durch das Provinzialnzuseum in Trier (Trier) Hiddink, H. A. 2000. Groesbeck-Klein Amerika. Prospectie en aanvullend archeologisch onderzoek van bewoning uit de Prelzistorie en Romeinse Tijd enmogelijk pre-Flavisch openluchtheiligdom (Rapporten Archeologische Monumentenzorg 74) Hinz, H. 1971. "4. Bericht tiber Ausgrabungen in der Colonia Ulpia Traiana bei Xanten," in Beitriige zur Archiiologie des Rheinlands II (Rheinische Archaologie 10) 96-199 Holwerda, J. H. 1908. Catalogus van het Rijksmusewn van Oudheden te Leiden. Afdeeling Praehistorie en Neder/andsche Oudlzeeden Holwerda, J. H. 1938. "Een Bataafsch D'xp op Ockenburgh bij Den Haag," OudMedLeiden 19, 11-60 Htibener, W. 1973. Die riimisc/zen Metallfunde von Augsburg-Oberlznusen (Kallmtinz) Jacobi, L. 1897. Das Riimerkastell Saalburg bei Homburg vor da Hiihe (Homburg vor der Hohe) Jacobi, L. 1904. Das Kaste/1 Alteburg-Heftrich (Heidelberg) Jacobi, H. 1905. Das Kastel/ Feldberg (Heidelberg) Jacobi, L. 1909. Das Kaste/1 Zugmantel (Heidelberg) 106 T. Derks and N. Roymans Jacobi, H. 1910. "Kastel! Zugmantel," Saa/Jb 1, 36-58 Jacobi, H. 1913 [1924]. "Kastel! Zugmantel," Saa!Jb 5, 1-105 Jacobi, H. 1930. "Kastel! Saalburg," Sna!Jb 7, 8-34 Jacobi, H. 1934. "Die Ausgrabungen und Funde der Jahre 1929-1933," Saa/Jb 8, 7-28 Kalee, C. A. 1980. "Romeinse vondsten in Vechten, 1977-1980," Westerlzeem 29, 265-82 Kaufmann-Heinimann, A. 1994. Die romisclzen Bronzen der Sclnueiz V (Mainz) [Kisa, A.]1896. Verzeic/mis roemischer Altertlzuemer gesammelt von Carl Anton Niessen (Cologne) Klein, F. 1990. "Ausgrabung im romischen Gutshof 'Zwiere', Achstetten, Kreis Biberach," Arclriiologisc/re Ausgrabungen in Baden-Wiirttemberg 1990, 173-76 Koenen, C. 1883. "Neue romische Graberfunde zu Neuss und ihre Bedeutung," BJ 75, 158-61 Koenen, C. 1888. "Die vorromischen und frankischen Graber in Andernach," BJ 86, 148-230 Kofler, F. 1894. Das Kastel/ Butzbach (Heidelberg) Kofler, F. 1903. Das Kastel/ Ober-F/orstadt (Obergermanisch-Raetischer Limes B 19, Lieferung 18) Kohlert-Nemeth, M. 1990. Riimische Bronzen nus Nida-Heddemheim II (Frankfurt) Kolling, A. 1974. "Eine Siegelkapsel als romerzeitliche Grabbeigabe," Gennania 52, 478-79 KortUm, K. 1988. "Ein archaologischer Aufschluss im Kastellvicus von Jagsthausen, Kr. Heilbronn," Fundbericlzte nus Baden-Wiirttemberg 13,325-49 KosceviC, R. 2000. "An additional view of seal boxes from the Roman period," Instrumentum12, 14 Koster, A. 1993. "Ein reich ausgestattetes Waffengrab des 1. Jahrhunderts n.Chr. aus Nijmegen," in Struck 1993, 293-96 Koster, A. 1997. The bronze vessels 2. Acquisitions 1954-1996 (Description of the Collections in the Provinciaal Museum G. M. Kam at Nijmegen 13) La Baume, P. 1964. Riimisclzes Kunstgewerbe zwischen Christi Geburt und 400 (Brunswick) Lambot, B. 1983. "Les fibules gallo-romaines du sud du departement des Ardennes," Bull. Soc. Arch. Clzampenoise 76, 15-49 Langereis, S. 1999. Johannes Smetius. Nijmegen, stad der Bataven I. In/eiding (Nijmegen) Laur-Belart, R. 1962. Vindonissa illustrata. 50 Jahre Vindonissa-Museum (Brugg) Le Clert, L. 1898. Musee de Troyes, bronzes. Catalogue descriptif et raisonne (Troyes) Leemans, C. 1842. Romeinsche Oudheden te Rossem in den Zaltboemelerwaard (Leyden) Lehner, H. 1904. "Die Einzelfunde von Novaesium," BJ 111/12, 243-418 Liebbe, M. 1898. "Rapport sur des fouilles pratiquees dans l'Oise, a Saint-Maur-en-Chaussee," BAC 1898, 92-96 Lieger, A. 1997. La necropole galla-romaine de Cutry (Nancy) Lindenschmitt, L. 1889. Das Riimisch-Germanische Central-Museum in bildlichen Darstel/ungen aus seinen Sammlungerr (Mainz) Marien, M. E. 1980. Belgica antiqua. De stempel van Rome (Antwerp) Massart, C. and A. Cahen-Delhaye 1994. "Rapport des fouilles de sauvetage de 1979 a 1986 sur le plateau de Mageroux a Saint-Mard (Virton)," in A. Cahen-Delhaye eta/. (edd.), Un quartier artisanal de /'agglomeration galla-romaine de SaintMard (Virton) (Etudes et documents, ser. fouilles 1, Namur) 11-105 Mertens, J. and A. Cahen-Delhaye 1970. Saint Mard. Fouilles dans /e vicus romain de Vertumtm (1961-1969) (Archaeologia Belgica 119, Brussels) Mertens-Schaaffhausen, S. 1850. "Uebersicht iiber die neuesten antiquarischen Erwerbungen der Frau Sibylla MertensSchaaffhaussen," BJ 15, 136-42 Meyer-Freuler, Ch. 1989. Das Praetorium und die Basilika von Vindonissa (Pro Vindonissa 9) Montforts, M. J. G. Th. 1995. Romeins Utrecht (Historische reeks Utrecht 20) Mout, M. E. H. N. 1993. 'Het Bataafse oar'. De lotgeval/en van Erasnzus'adagium 'Auris Batava' in de Nederlandse Geschiedschrijving (Konink. Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, Mededelingen van de Afdeling Letterkunde, NR 56. 2) Nicholls, R. V. 1983. The Wei/come gems. A Fitzwilliam Museum catalogue (Cambridge) Nicolay, J. A. W. forthcoming. "Roman military equipment from non-military contexts. A case-study from the Lower Rhine region," Pro Vindonissa Obmann, J. 1997. Die romisc/zen Funde aus Bein von Nida-Heddernlzeinz (Schriften des Frankfurter Museums fiir Vor- und Friihgeschichte 13) Petit, J.-P. (ed.) 2000. Le complexe des tlzermes de B/iesbruck (Moselle) (Blesa 3) Rabold, B. and C. S. Sommer 1998. Lopodunw11 98. Vom Kastel/ zur Stadt (Ladenburg) Revellio, P. 1937. Das Kastel/ Hiifingen (Obergermanisch-Raetischer Limes B 62a) Ritterling, E. 1904. "Das friihromische Lager bei Hofheim im Tamms. Ausgrabungs- und Fundbericht," Annalen des Vereins fiir Nassauisclze Altertzmzskunde und Geschic/ztsforsc/nmg 34, 1-110 and 397-423 Ritterling, E. 1912. Das frii/zromische Lager bei Hofheim im Taunus (Annalen des Vereins fiir Nassauische Altertumskunde und Geschichtsforschung 40) Seal-boxes and the spread of Latin literacy in the Rhine delta 107 Roymans, N. 1996. "The sword or the plough. Regional dynamics in the Romanisation of Belgic Gaul and the Rhineland area," in id. (ed.), From the sword to the plough (Amsterdam Archaeological Studies 1) 9-126 Rychener, J. 1999. Der romische Gutslwf in Neftenbac/z (2 vols., Monographien der Kantonsarchaologie Zurich 31) Schmassmann, W. and E. Ettlinger 1944. "Das gallo-ri:imische Brandgraberfeld von Neu-Allschwil (Basel-Landschaft)," Tiitigkeitsberichte der natwforschenden Gesel/schaft Basel/and 14, 182-235 [repr. in E. Ettlinger, Kleine Schriften. Keramik (Acta Rei Cretariae Romanae Fautorum, suppl. 2, 1977) 9-38] Schindler, R. 1977. Fiihrer durch das Landesmuseum Trier (Trier) Schonberger, H. 1985. "Die ri:imischen Truppenlager der fruhen und mittleren Kaiserzeit zwischen Nordsee und Inn," BRGK 66, 321-497 Schumacher, K. 1895. Kastel/ Osterburken (Heidelberg) Simonett, Ch. 1947. Fiihrer durch das Vindonissa-Museum in Brugg (Brugg) Smetius, J. and J. Smetius 1678. Antiquitates Neomagenses sive Notitia rarissimarum rerum antiquanllll (Noviomagi Batavorum) Spaul, J. E. H. 1994. Ala. The auxiliary cavalry units of the pre-Diocletianic imperial Roman army. A revision and updating of the article written by Conrad Cic/wrius ... (2nd edn., Andover) Spaul, J. E. H. 2000. Colwrs. The evidence for and a short history of the auxiliary infantry units of t/ze imperial Roman army (2nd edn., BAR S841, Oxford) Speidel, M.A. 1996. Die romischen Schreibtafeln von Vindonissa. Lateinisc/ze Texte des militiirisc/zen All tags und ihre gesc/zichtlic/ze Bedeutung (Pro Vindonissa 12) Stade, K. 1933. Der Obergennanische Limes von Miltenberg am Main bis zu111 Haglwf bei Welzheim (Obergermanisch-Raetischer Limes A. IV Strecke 7-9) Struck, M. (ed.) 1993. Romerzeitliche Griiber ais Que/len zu Religion, Bevolkenmgsstruktur und Sozialgesc/zic/zte (Mainz) Toorians, L. 2000. Keltisc/z en Gennaans in de Nederland en. Tan/ in Nederland en Belgie gedurende de late Ifzertijd en de Romeinse periode (Mem. Soc. Belge Etudes Celtiques 13) Toorians, L. 2001. "Kelten aan de Nederlandse Kust," Spiege/historiae/36, 112-17 Turcan, R. 1987. Nigra moneta (Collection du Centre d'Etudes romaines et gallo-romaines n.s. 6, Lyon) Ulbert, G. 1969. Das friihromische Kastel/ Rheingonheim. Die Funde nus den Jahren1912 und 1913 (Limesforschungen 9) Ulbert, G. 1970. Das romische Donau-Kastell RijJtissen I. Die Funde aus Metal/, Horn und Knochen (Urkunden zur Vor- und Fruhgeschichte aus Sudwurttemberg-Hohenzollern 4) Van Dockum, S. and E. van Ginkel1993. Romeins Nederland. Archeologie en Geschiedenis van een grensgebied (Utrecht) Van Durme, L. 1996. "De erfenis van Rome," in D. Lamarcq and M. Rogge (edd.), De taalgrens. Van de oude tot de nieuwe Belgen (Leuven) 49-58 Van Hoorn, G. 1928. Gids door de verzameling van Nederlandsc/ze en Romeinsche Oudlzeden van het Provinciaa/ Utreclztsch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetensc/zappen inhet Centraa/-museunz te Utrec/zt (Utrecht) Van Rooijen, A. 2000a. "Bunnik-Vechten," in D. Kok eta/. (edd.), Arclzeologisc/Je kroniek Provincie Utrecht 1998-1999,40-42. Van Rooijen, A. 2000b. "Houten-Binnenweg," in D. Kok eta/. (edd.), Archeologisclze kroniek Provincie Utrecht 1998-1999,53-55. Vollgraff, C. W. and G. van Hoorn 1934. Opgravingen op het Domplein te Utrecht II. De Opgravingen in Juni en Juli 1933 (Haarlem) Von Boeselager, D. 1989. "Funde und Darstellungen ri:imischer Schreibzeugfutterale zur Deutung einer Beigabe in Ki:ilner Grabern," Kolnfb 22,221-39 Von Mercklin, E. 1935. "Neuwerbungen der Antikenabteilung im Hamburgischen Museum fUr Kunst und Gewerbe," AA 1935, 70-159 Waasdorp, J. A. 1999. Van Romei11se so/daten en Cananefaten. Gebruiksvoonuerpen van de Sc/zeveningseweg Waasdorp, J. A. and K. Zee 1988. De vergeten verzamelingen van Ockerzburgh. Ronzeinse vondsten uit 's-Gmvenhage (The Hague) Walters, H. B. 1899. Catalogue of tlze bronzes, Greek, Roman, and Etruscan, in the Department of Greek and Roman Antiquities, British Museum (London) Willems, W. J. H. 1984. "Romans and Batavians. A regional study in the Dutch eastern river area II," Beric/zten van de Rijksdienst voor het Oudheidkundig Bodenwnderzoek 34, 39-331 Wilmanns, J. C. 1981. "Die Doppelurkunde von Rottweil und ihr Beitrag zum Stadtewesen in Obergermanien," Epigraplzisc/ze Studien 12, 5-182 Wolff, G. 1913. Das Kastel/ Riickingen (Heidelberg) Woodward, A. and P. Leach (edd.) 1993. The Uley shrines (English Heritage Arch. Rep. 17) Woolf, G. 1996. "Monumental writing and the expansion of Roman society in the Early Empire," JRS 86, 22-39 Zadoks-Josephus Jitta, A. N. and A. M. Witteveen 1983. Description of the collections in the Rijksnzuseum G. M. Kam at Nijmegen VII. The figural bronzes, supplement (Nijmegen) Seal-boxes from the area of the civitas Batavorum 108 0 ＳＮＱＴｾ＠ 3.15 ' '' ' '' '' '' I I I I ',_,' 3.16 3.17 0 3.12 3.18 3.19 Pl. 7 .I. Seal-boxes from the area of the civitas Batavorum 109 Appendix 1 Seal-boxes from the area of the civitas Batavorum The first part of the item numbers in the first column, and the letters in the third column, correspond to those used in fig. 7.6. For seal-boxes which are depicted in the plates, the item number is preceded by an asterisk(*). In the third column, the following abbreviations have been used for a more detailed specification, between brackets, of the type of site : (c) = cemetery; (v) =villa. The fourth column lists specifications regarding the design on the lid: for circular boxes with zoomorphic rivets, the type of animal is specified, and if such a rivet was presumably present but is now lost, this is indicated by (rl) =rivet lost; for leaf-shaped boxes, the presence of a design of punched dots is indicated by (pd), a soldered design of a phalhts by (ph), or a heart-shaped enamel design by (h). With regard to the present state of preservation, only the presence of the two main parts (the lid and base) is mentioned; no notes suggest that the seal-box is more or less complete. In the last column, the abbreviation 'excav.' stands for 'unpublished or ongoing excavation conducted by', and is normally followed by the find number. The following abbreviations have been used for institutions and public collections: AIVU = Archeologisch Instituut van de Vrije Universiteit; BAGN = Bureau Archeologie Gemeente Nijmegen; KUN = Katholieke Universiteit Nijmegen; MV =Museum Het Valkhof; PUG= Provinciaal Utrechts Genootschap; RMO = Rijksmuseum van Oudheden (National Museum of Antiquities); ROB = Rijksdienst voor het Oudheidkundig Bodemonderzoekeo .s item site no. type type of seal-box ＠ｾ preser- no. of of (design) ｾ＠ vation perfors:: site ations "' 1 2.1 Vleuten-'De Meern' Utrecht? B B ? (frag.) 1 circular (?) 2 2.2 Utrecht 3 B leaf-shaped 2.3 2.4 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Utrecht 4 Utrecht 5 Vechten Vechten Vechten Vechten Vechten B B circular circular circular circular leaf-shaped circular circular 3.6 Vechten B leaf-shaped 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 * 3.12 * 3.13 * 3.14 Vechten Vechten Vechten Vechten Vechten Vechten Vechten Vechten B leaf-shaped (pd) leaf-shaped + leaf-shaped (ph) + circular 6 + circular circular circular + square + * * * * 2 3 4 5 6 B B B B B B B B B B B B collection I reference ? 4? 3 + base + base base + 4 ? 3 4 3 lid? ? ? 3 lid lid lid base base lid lid 3 4 ARCHIS 27440 coli. PUG Utrecht, inv.no. 3473?; Van Hoorn 1928, afb. 10.4 Vollgraff/Van Hoorn 1934, 51, fig. 21; Montforts 1995, afb. 41.1 Montforts 1995, afb. 41.2 Montforts 1995, afb. 41.3 RMO Leiden, inv.no. VF928 RMO Leiden, inv.no. VF929 RMO Leiden, inv.no. VF930 RMO Leiden, inv.no. VF932 RMO Leiden, inv.no. E.III.l184; Holwerda 1908, 202, no. 1184 RMO Leiden, inv.no. E.III.1193; Holwerda 1908,203,no. 1193 coli. W. Kuijpers, Arnhem; Kalee 1980, afb. 14 coli. W. Kuijpers, Arnhem; Kalee 1980, afb. 14 coli. W. Kuijpers, Arnhem; Kalee 1980, afb. 14 coli. W. Kuijpers, Arnhem; Kalee 1980, afb. 14 Kalee 1980, afb. 14 (right) coli. H. de Graaf, Amersfoort; Van Rooijen 2000a coli. H. de Graaf, Amersfoort; Van Rooijen 2000a coli. H. de Graaf, Amersfoort; Van Rooijen 2000a Finder unknown. In the ARCHIS digital database at Amersfoort the piece is simply described as "fragmentair brans zegeldoos". At Holwerda's fig. 10.4 (top) a relief seems visible on the lid. Domplein. Boterstraat. Vrouwjuttenstraat. Remarkably, the lid has side walls and notches. Seal-boxes from the area of the civitas Batavorum 110 0 ｾ］＠ 3.20 3.26 0 ($) 3.21 w ｾ＠ 0 5.1 0 0 ﾧ［｀ｾ＠ 5.2 avD0 <16{)V v 3.22 3.23 ｮｾ＠ ｾ＠ ,G lJ L 3.25 Pl. 7 .II. 6.2 Seal-boxes from the area of the civitas Batavorum * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 3.15 3.16 3.17 3.18 3.19 3.20 3.21 3.22 3.23 3.24 3.25 3.26 3.27 3.28 Vechten Vechten Vechten Vechten Vechten Vechten Vechten Vechten Vechten Vechten Vechten Vechten Vechten Vechten 3.29 4 5.1 5.2 5.3 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Vechten B Maurik B Duiven-'Loowaard' B Duiven-'Loowaard' B Duiven-'Loowaard' B Nijmegen-'Kops Plateau' B Nijmegen-'Kops Plateau' B Nijmegen-'Kops Plateau' B Nijmegen-'Kops Plateau' B Nijmegen-'Kops Plateau' B Nijmegen-'Kops Plateau' B Nijmegen-'Kops Plateau' B Nijmegen-'Kops Plateau' B Nijmegen-'Kops Plateau' B Nijmegen-'Kops Plateau' B Nijmegen-'Kops Plateau' B Nijmegen-'Kops Plateau' B Nijmegen-'Kops Plateau' B Nijmegen-'Kops Plateau' B Nijmegen-'Kops Plateau' B Nijmegen-'Kops Plateau' B Nijmegen-'Kops Plateau' B Nijmegen-'Kops Plateau' B Nijmegen-'Kops Plateau' B Nijmegen-'Kops Plateau' B Nijmegen-'Kops Plateau' B Nijmegen-'Kops Plateau' B Nijmegen-'Kleine Kopse Hof' 10 B (c) Nijmegen-'Hunerberg' 11 B 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 6.14 6.15 6.16 6.17 6.18 6.19 6.20 6.21 6.22 * 6.23 * 7.1 7 8 9 10 11 B B B B B B B B B B B B B B leaf-shaped leaf-shaped (h) circular leaf-shaped (h) leaf-shaped leaf-shaped (ph) leaf-shaped leaf-shaped circular circular (rl) leaf-shaped leaf-shaped leaf-shaped leaf-shaped circular 7 rhombic circular leaf-shaped leaf-shaped (h) circular leaf-shaped square square square square square semi-oval circular rectangular leaf-shaped square square square square circular square (frag.) semi-oval rectangular rectangular semi-oval8 indet. 9 square circular + + + base lid lid lid base + + lid base 3 3 3 3 3 lid 3? + + lid base + + + + base lid lid base base base lid base base base base base base lid base 3 3? 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 ? 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 111 col!. H. de Graaf, Amersfoort; Van Rooijen 2000a col!. H. de Graaf, Amersfoort;l Van Rooijen 2000a col!. J. Vogel, Harmelen col!. J. Vogel, Harmelen col!. J. Vogel, Harmelen col!. D. van Veelen, Oosterbeek col!. D. van Veelen, Oosterbeek col!. D. van Veelen, Oosterbeek col!. B. Elberse, Bunnik col!. B. Elberse, Bunnik col!. F. van Renswoude, Oud Zuilen col!. F. van Renswoude, Oud Zuilen col!. F. Lindeman, Amersfoort; ARCHIS 23437 col!. Yona, www.ish.nl.detect/ fotoboek/ zegeldoosje.html col!. A. van de Graaf, Tiel Desmet-Goethals 1977, 16, 19, afb. 6 col!. W. Kuijpers, Arnhem coli. W. Kuijpers, Arnhem col!. W. Kuijpers, Arnhem; ARCHIS 10142 excav. ROB, 235/1/007 excav. ROB, 255/-/257 excav. ROB, 295/1/021 excav. ROB, 306/-/025 excav. ROB, 351/-/001 excav. ROB, 356/1/036 excav. ROB, 356/-/088 excav. ROB, 362/-/003 excav. ROB, 373/-/081 excav. ROB, 373/1/081 excav. ROB, 383/1/106 excav. ROB, 383/2/178 excav. ROB, 404/1/010 excav. ROB, 408/2/122 excav. ROB, 415/-/201 excav. ROB, 424/2/059 excav. ROB, 425/1/050 excav. ROB, 425/1/082 excav. ROB, 425/1/152 excav. ROB, 429/-/001 excav. ROB, 470/1/020 excav. ROB, 292/3/175 MV Nijmegen, no inv. no. MV Nijmegen, inv.no. BE.III.84; Abeleven/Bijleveld 1895, 124, no. 84 According to the finder, it is comparable with our cat. 67.8. Patina differences on the lid possibly indicate the former presence of a circular embossment. During the finds processing the box was crushed into pieces. According to a hand-written filing card kept at Museum Het Valkhof, this box was found, together with a "blue ribbed bead" and a simpulum (Den Boesterd 1956, no. 102) in a grave located at "KKH", i.e. the cemetery at the Kleine Kopse Hof. For the location of this cemetery, see Koster 1997, 15, fig. 2 (nos. 12-13). For all the seal-boxes listed under this heading, the provenance from the "Hunerberg" is explicitly recorded. Although a connection with the castra and/or canabae is most probable, theoretically a provenance from the 1st-c. cemetery west of these cannot be ruled out (cf. our cat. 8.1-2). Seal-boxes from the area of the civitas Batavorum 112 6.3 Pl. 7 .III. . ｾ＠ 'AI'L 'ld LZ'L OZ'L Q@ [Q L'L uJZ:tor, j 0"' r;·L tiL lil oz:·g ＶｾＧＹ＠ Seal-boxes from the area of the civitas Batavorum 114 base MY Nijmegen, inv.no. BE.III.84; AbeleveniBijleveld 1895, 124, no. 84 MY Nijmegen, inv.no. BE.III.85; AbeleveniBijleveld 1895, 124, no. 85 MY Nijmegen, inv.no. BE.III.89; AbeleveniBijleveld 1895, 124, no. 89 3 * 7.2 Nijmegen-'Hunerberg' B circular * 7.3 Nijmegen-'Hunerberg' B circular * 7.4 N ijmegen-'H unerberg' B leaf-shaped base 3 * 7.5 * 7.6 Nijmegen-castra 12 B circular base 4 MY Nijmegen, inv.no. BE.III.112 Nijmegen-castra B circular base 4 excav. RMO, 1959.150 Nijmegen-castra B circular 4 excav. RMO, 1960.219 Nijmegen-castra B rhombic 7.9 . Nijmegen-castra B circular 3 BogaersiHaalebos 1977, 140, fig. 27.19 7.10 Nijmegen-castra B circular (eagle) 4 excav. KUN, CA1989-029 13212IZD01 Nijmegen-castra B 4 exca v. KUN, CA 1993-095 I 6829 I ZD02 * 7.12 7.13 Nijmegen-castra B circular (eagle) circular 13 5 excav. KUN, CA1991-05515671IZD03 Nijmegen-castra B square 3? excav. KUN, CA1995-090I9258IZD05 7.14 Nijmegen-castra B square base 3 excav. KUN, CA1994-087 I8850IZD06 7.15 Nijmegen-castra B square base excav. KUN, CA1989-026I2169IZD07 7.16 Nijmegen-castra B square base 3 ?14 lid * 7.7 7.8 7.11 + 7.17 Nijmegen-castra B leaf-shaped 7.18 7.19 Nijmegen-castra B B leaf-shaped (pd) 15 leaf-shaped (pd) 16 Nijmegen-castra 3 + + Haalebos 1972,42, afb. 2.3 lid 3 base excav. KUN, CA1990-029I3491IZD08 excav. KUN, CA1991-04114724IZD09 exca v. KUN, CA 1995-089 I 9228 I ZDl 0 3 excav. KUN, CA1987-014I0367 IZDll 3 excav. KUN, CA1990-036I4067 IZD12 * 7.20 Nijmegen-castra B semi-oval * 7.21 * 7.22 Nijmegen-castra B semi-oval 3 excav. KUN, CA1987-006I0134IZD13 B semi-oval lid 3 excav. KUN, CA1987-013I0157 IZD14 semi-oval base 3 excav. KUN, CA19??-000IOOOOIZD15 4 excav. KUN, CA1993-000I6891IZD16 Nijmegen-castra Nijmegen-castra * 7.23 7.24 Nijmegen-castra Nijmegen-castra 7.25 B B B circular circular? (rl) lid? excav. KUN, CA1989-028I2827 IZD17 lid excav. KUN, CA1989-027 I2880IZD18 excav. KUN, CA1990-033I3666IZD20 7.26 N ijmegen-castra B circular 7.27 Nijmegen-castra B circular excav. KUN, CA1993-097 16851IZD19 7.28 Nijmegen-castra B circular lid 7.29 Nijmegen-castra B circular (eagle) lid Nijmegen-castra 7.30 B excav. KUN, CA1989-021I3243IZD21 circular 4 excav. KUN, CA1990-03314041IZD22 4? excav. KUN, CA1990-000I3818IZD23 excav. KUN, CA1991-04815399IZD25 7.31 Nijmegen-castra B circular 7.32 Nijmegen-castra B circular (rl) excav. KUN, CA1989-02912738IZD24 lid 7.33 Nijmegen-castra B circular 4 7.34 Nijmegen-castra B circular 4 7.35 Nijmegen-castra B circular 7.36 Nijmegen-castra B excav. KUN, CA19??-036I4100IZD26 excav. KUN, CA1991-04615139IZD27 lid 4 excav. KUN, CA1995-085 19181 I ZD28 7.37 Nijmegen-castra B circular circular (rl) 7.38 Nijmegen-castra B circular (rl) 4 excav. KUN, CA1988-020/1463IZD30 7.39 Nijmegen-castra B circular (rl) 4 excav. KUN, CA1987-015I0720IZD31 7.40 Nijmegen-castra B circular lid 7.41 Nijmegen-castra B circular (rl) lid 7.42 Nijmegen-castra B circular 4 excav. KUN, CA1990-028I3471IZD34 7.43 Nijmegen-castra Nijmegen-castra B circular 4 excav. KUN, CA1988-018I1426IZD36 ｾ＠ circular? (r1) 17 7.44 12 13 14 15 16 17 excav. KUN, CA1991-041I4724IZD29 lid lid excav. KUN, CA19??-07916554IZD32 excav. KUN, CA1990-035I3527 IZD33 excav. KUN, CA1991-049I6001IZD37 According to Verslag der Commissie ter verzekering eener goede bewaring van gedenkstukken van geschiedenis en kunst te Nijmegen over !Jet jaar 1916, Nijmegen, p. 1, found at the Huygensweg. For the special shape, cf. n.24 above. The example consists of three recently broken, joining fragments. No traces of white metal coating are visible. No traces of white metal coating are visible. Part of the rivet is still present in the central perforation of the lid. If the concentric grooves on the lid were to be seen, the rivet probably had the form of a small stud rather than the usual zoomorphic disc. Cf. n.26 below. Seal-boxes from the area of the civitas Batavorum 7.22 0 115 ｾ＠ l 8.2 7.23 ｻＡＩｉ ｾ＠ ... . / 7.65 0 '' '\ 8.3 7.66 7.67 9.2 ,,.. 8.1 Pl. 7.V. • ｾ＠ ﾮｾ＠ 9.3 ｣ﾷＺｾＬ＠ \,,, ﾷｾＺＮ＠ \ '' ｾ＠ . ' ------- '' __ .,,/ :: u Seal-boxes from the area of the civitas Batavorum 116 circular (rl) 4 excav. KUN, CA1991-042/5058/ZD38 circular 3 4 excav. KUN, CA1990-029/3369/ZD39 4 excav. KUN, CA1989-027 /3196/ZD41 base 3 excav. KUN, CA1990-029/3495/ZD42 circular base 3 excav. KUN, CA1991-044/4935/ZD43 circular base 3 excav. KUN, CA1989-023/2686/ZD44 base 3? excav. KUN, CA19??-041/4908/ZD45 circular base 4 excav. KUN, CA19??-041/4908/ZD46 7.53 Nijmegen-castra B B B B B B B B B 7.54 Nijmegen-castra B circular base 3 excav. KUN, CA1989-027 /3105/ZD47 7.55 Nijmegen-castra B circular base 4 excav. KUN, CA1989-027 /2928/ZD48 7.56 7.57 Nijmegen-castra circular circular base 4 4 excav. KUN, CA1990-037/4122/ZD49 7.58 Nijmegen-castra B B B circular lid 7.59 7.60 Nijmegen-castra B base Nijmegen-castra B circular circular (eagle) 7.61 7.62 Nijmegen-castra B Nijmegen-castra 7.63 Nijmegen-castra 7.45 7.46 Nijmegen-castra 7.47 Nijmegen-casira Nijmegen-castra 7.48 Nijmegen-castra 7.49 Nijmegen-castra 7.50 7.51 Nijmegen-castra 7.52 Nijmegen-castra Nijmegen-castra base base circular circular circular circular base excav. KUN, CA19??-000/3979/ZD40 excav. KUN, CA1989-027 /2929/ZD50 excav. KUN, CA1993-097 /7130/ZD51 4 excav. KUN, CA1991-043/4887 /ZD52 4 excav. KUN, CA1991-000/6136/ZD54 circular (rl) 4 excav. KUN, CA1991-051/6080/ZD55 B semi-oval 3? excav. KUN, CA1997-129/9714/ZD56 Nijmegen-castra B circular (rl) 7.64 Nijmegen-castra B circular 4 excav. KUN, CA1995-088/8848/ZD58 * 7.65 * 7.66 Nijmegen-castra B circular 3 excav. BAGN, Ub5-16/49 Nijmegen-castra B 3 excav. BAGN, Ub5-24/23 * 7.67 Nijmegen-castra B * 7.68 * 8.1 Nijmegen-castra B leaf-shaped (pd) 18 circular (cock) MV Nijmegen, no inv. no. 4 MV Nijmegen, inv.no. 8.1987.2 3 excav. BAGN, Gn1-1/33 Van Dockum/Van Ginkel 1993, 128 (right) MV Nijmegen, inv.no. BE.IV.116 + 3 excav. BAGN, Mp1-4.396 circular + leaf-shaped ?22 (ph)t- 3 excav. BAGN, Mp1-5.147 * 9.2 Nijmegen-Uipia Noviomagus c * 9.3 9.4 Nijmegen-Uipia Noviomagus * 9.5 * 9.6 Nijmegen-Uipia Noviomagus * 9.7 * 9.8 Nijmegen-Uipia Noviomagus * 9.9 * 9.10 Nijmegen-Uipia Noviomagus * 9.11 * 9.12 Nijmegen-Uipia Noviomagus * 9.13 9.14 Nijmegen-Uipia Noviomagus c c c c c c c c c c c c 18 . 19 20 21 22 23 Nijmegen-Uipia Noviomagus Nijmegen-Uipia Noviomagus Nijmegen-Uipia Noviomagus Nijmegen-Uipia Noviomagus Nijmegen-Uipia Noviomagus excav. BAGN, Ro3-21/25 4 3 * 9.1 Nijmegen-Uipia Noviomagus excav. BAGN, UbS-30/75 lid circular (toad) C (c) square Nijmegen-oppidum Batav 1 9 C (c) circular Nijmegen-oppidum Batav 2 0 c circular Nijmegen-oppidum Batav. 21 c rhombic Nijmegen-Uipia Noviomagus * 8.2 * 8.3 excav. KUN, CA1993-000/0000/ZD57 lid leaf-shaped (frag.) (h) base base + lid lid? excav. BAGN, Mp1-10.111 rhombic lid excav. BAGN, Mp1-17.426 rhombic base circular (rl) lid leaf-shaped (ph) circular leaf-shaped (ph) circular circular circular ?23 + + lid + lid + lid + lid + + lid? 4 excav. BAGN, Mp1-18.145 excav. BAGN, Mp1-18.166 3 excav. BAGN, Ww1-2.048 excav. BAGN, Ww1-4.005 excav. BAGN, Ww1-4.017 excav. BAGN, Ww1-5.1171 excav. BAGN, Ww1-5.1746 3 excav. BAGN, Ww1-6.027 excav. BAGN, Ww1-6.123 Traces of silverplating are present. According to a hand-written filing card kept at Museum Het Valkhof, the box was found together with "3 bronze coins, a small dolphin, and two small bronze fragments" in a simpulwn (Den Boesterd 1956, no. 101), and belonged to the furnishings of a grave situated "on the Hunerberg at S". For the location, see Koster 1997, 14 f. with, fig. 2.9. Findspot at the Museum Kamstraat, i.e., in the 1st-c. cemetery CC. Cf. Haalebos 1995,26 ff. According to Verslag der Commissie ter verzekering eener goede bewaring van gedenkstukken van gesclziedenis en kunst te Nijmegen over het jaar 1928, Nijmegen, p. 2, it was found at the Waterstraat. The example has been described in the excavations' database as "zegeldoos fr fallus vertind", but could not be retrieved in the archive. The example has been described in the excavations' database as "zegeldoos fr deksel email r", but could not be retrieved in the archive. 0 8'6 9'6 ZT6 LH Seal-boxes from the area of the civitas Batavorum 118 \ ' \ I \\ I / I \ \ ｾ＠ ＱＹｾ＠ I I ' \ I I I I ' '' '' 1._) '' \ I I 9.19 20 21.1 1·cJ ''",. 13 ｾｶ＠ 14 15 17 18.2 Pl. 7.VII. ｶｌｾ＠ • • • • [3 .. 21.2 @D [J \•:J ｾ＠ ill .' • 28.1 Seal-boxes from the area of the civitas Batavorum * * * * * 9.18 Nijmegen-Uipia Noviomagus Nijmegen-Uipia Noviomagus 9.19 Nijmegen-Uipia Noviomagus c c c c c 10 Rossum D leaf-shaped (ph) Cuyk-Grotestraat D Houten-Veerwagenweg Houten-Loerik E rhombic circular (rl) 25 9.15 Nijmegen-Uipia Noviomagus 9.16 Nijmegen-Uipia Noviomagus 9.17 * 11 12 * 13 * 14 * 15 base + leaf-shaped 24 base circular lid leaf-shaped (h) lid + + + leaf-shaped 4 excav. BAGN, Ww1-7.185 3 excav. BAGN, Ww1-10.151 excav. BAGN, Ww1-7 /1218 lid excav. BAGN, Ww1-15.648 excav. BAGN, Ww1-26.298 3 Leemans 1842, 126 f., Taf. 18.239; Holwerda 1908, 203, no. 1189; Brouwer 1993, 29-30 3 Excav. BAGN, Cu1-4.145 lid col!. A. Schoenmaker, Driebergen lid col!. F. van Renswoude, Oud Zuilen Houten-Binnenweg E E square Werkhoven-Achterdijk E circular 16.1 't Goy-Groenedijkje E circular 16.2 't Goy-Groenedijkje Cothen-'De Dom' E leaf-shaped E square 3 * 17 * * * * rhombic (frag.) leaf-shaped + base lid + 119 J. Vogel, Harmelen 4 col!. 4 col!. A. Veenhof, Werkhoven lid col!. J. Henzen, Wijk bij Duurstede col!. J. Henzen, Wijk bij Duurstede col!. B. Elberse, Bunnik 18.1 Wijk bij Duurstede-'De Geer' E square 3 Mus. Dorestad, Wijk bij Duurstede, inv. 41 18.2 Wijk bij Duurstede-'De Geer' E circular (eagle) 4 col!. A. Veenhof, Werkhoven 4 col!. BATO, Tiel 3 Mus. Buren en Oranje, Buren (former col!. H. Vroon); ARCHIS 22957 3 col!. Bovenschen; inf. H. Vroon 19 Wijk bij Duurstede-'De Harden' E circular (cock) lid 20 Maurik-'Het Haagje' E circular base 21.1 Maurik-'Hornixveld' E circular + + * 21.2 22.1 22.2 * 23 Maurik-'Hornixveld' E leaf-shaped (ph) Lienden E circular Lien den Lienden-Aalst E leaf-shaped E rhombic col!. H. Vroon, Eck en Wiel lid base + + Excav. ROB, 542-003-005 lid col!. Bovenschen; inf. H. Vroon lid col!. H. Vroon, Eck en Wiel 24 Kesteren E circular 25.1 Dodewaard-Gesperden E circular 25.2 Dodewaard-Gesperden E circular (eagle) 26 Hemmen-'Kleine Wuust' E leaf-shaped (h) 27 Zetten-Zettense Pad E leaf-shaped * 28.1 Arnhem-'De Laar' E circular 26 3? Excav. Mun. Arnhem, 46/4/501-1 28.2 Arnhem-'De Laar' E rhombic ? Excav. Mun. Arnhem, 09/3/66.1 * 29 Elst-Merm E circular 30 Elst-Lijnden E rhombic 31.1 Oosterhout-Van Boetselaerstr E 31.2 Oosterhout-Van Boetselaerstr 31.3 Oosterhout-Van Boetselaerstr col!. P. Verweij, Hemmen lid col!. P. Verweij, Hemmen lid col!. W. van den Brandhof, Hemmen; ARCHIS 40750 col!. H. Sanders, Elst lid col!. L. Okel, Den Helder lid Excav. BAGN, Bo5-76.73 E circular lid Excav. BAGN, Bo5-164.50 E circular lid Excav. BAGN, Bo5-164.66 + 32.1 Gellicum-'De Worden' E circular base 4 Gellicum-'De Worden' E leaf-shaped base 3 32.3 Gellicum-'De Worden' E leaf-shaped 33 Deil-'Boerekamp' E leaf-shaped (pd) 34.1 Geldermalsen-'Binnenveld' E rhombic 34.2 Geldermalsen-'Binnenveld' E rhombic E rhombic Waardenburg-'De Woerden' E circular (frag.) * 36.2 Waardenburg-'De Woerden' E circular * 36.3 Waardenburg-'De Woerden' E leaf-shaped 27 col!. P. Verweij, Hemmen lid circular Waardenburg 27 26 col!. Hevel; inf. H. Vroon lid 36.1 25 + 3 lid 32.2 * 35 24 base + + lid ? col!. H. Vroon, Eck en Wiel lid lid base col!. C. Wiggelinkhuysen, Geldermalsen col!. C. Wiggelinkhuysen, Geldermalsen lid ? + J. Wakker, Beesd (Wakker II, 365) J. Wakker, Beesd (Wakker II, 364) col!. J. Wakker, Beesd coil. col!. 3 + + + col!. J. Wakker, Beesd (Wakker II, 366) col!. J. Wakker, Beesd; inf. H. Vroon col!. A. Verhagen, Empel (formerly col!. Schippers) 3 col!. H. Vroon, Eck en Wiel With sloping side walls. With central perforation. Centre of the lid perforated. Since the lid shows traces of a white metal coating, it seems improbable that originally a rivet of the zoomorphic type was present. Probably it had the form of a small stud. Since the box has not yet been cleaned or restored, the number of perforations cannot be established with certainty. In the archive kept by Vroon registered as 'findspot 82'. J. Seal-boxes from the area of the civitas Batavorum 120 0 29 0 35 36.2 36.3 0 0 39.3 Pl. 7.VIII. Seal-boxes from the area of the civitas Batavorum 42 ｾ＠ 43 ｾ＠ 0 0 "' u on .,08 G " 48 ｾ｜＠ Pl. 7.IX. ｾ＠ Ｐｾ＠ 50 51 "'0 l:j 3 ｾ＠ ｾ＠ Ｔｾ＠ 121 55.1 ｾ＠ Seal-boxes from the area of the civitas Batavorum 122 * 36.4 * 37.1 * 37.2 * 38.1 * 38.2 * 38.3 * 38.4 38.5 38.6 38.7 38.8 38.9 38.10 39.1 * 39.2 * 39.3 40 41 * 42 * 43 * 44 * 45.1 * 45.2 * 45.3 * 45.4 * 45.5 45.6 * 46 col!. H. Vroon, Eck en Wiel leaf-shaped circular (eagle) + lid lid leaf-shaped circular circular leaf-shaped (h) + lid lid + E rhombic circular circular leaf-shaped circular + lid col!. D. Oomen, Ophemert E rhombic + col!. D. Oomen, Ophemert col!. A. Verhagen, Empel (coil. J. Schippers) Waardenburg-'De Woerden' E Neerijnen-'Hooge Tieflaar' Neerijnen-'Hooge Tieflaar' E Est-'Rijs en Ooijen' Est-'Rijs en Ooijen' Est-'Rijs en Ooijen' Est-'Rijs en Ooijen' Est-'Rijs en Ooijen' Est-'Rijs en Ooijen' Est-'Rijs en Ooijen' E Est-'Rijs en Ooijen' Est-'Rijs en Ooijen' Est-'Rijs en Ooijen' Ophemert-'Elzevier' Ophemert-'Elzevier' Ophemert-'Elzevier' Ophemert-'Wilhelminahoeve' E Ophemert-'De Steendert' Ophemert E E E E E E E E E + lid lid + + 3 base lid circular 28 base + ｲｨｯｭ｢ｩｾ＠ col!. H. Peeters, Lieshout col!. H. Peeters, Lieshout col!. H. Peeters, Lieshout lid lid lid E E E E coil. H. Murray, Hedel col!. J. van Rijckevorsel, St.-Oedenrode col!. J. van Rijckevorsel, St.-Oedenrode col!. J. van Rijckevorsel, St.-Oedenrode col!. J. van Rijckevorsel, St.-Oedenrode col!. J. van Rijckevorsel, St.-Oedenrode col!. J. Wakker, Beesd col!. H. Vroon, Eck en Wiel 3 3 rhombic circular 29 base base 3 3 circular circular (frag.) base base 3? base 3 Wadenoijen-'Breeuwert' Zennewijnen-'Hoogekamp' E E rhombic circular Tiel-Passewaaijse Hogeweg E E E circular leaf-shaped leaf-shaped (h) lid 3 + coil. H. Vroon, Eck en Wiel coil. A. Weinmann, Scherpenzeel ARCHIS 22898 col!. BATO, Tiel col!. H. Vroon, Eck en Wiel coil. BATO, Tiel col!. BATO, Tiel excav. AIVU, 122/1/124 3 excav. AIVU, 128/1/234 excav. AIVU, 138/0/011 excav. AIVU, 173/1/060 3 excav. AIVU, 184/1/038 coil. A. van Herwijnen, Tiel * 47 Tiel-Passewaaijse Hogeweg Tiel-Passewaaijse Hogeweg Tiel-Passewaaijse Hogeweg Tiel-Passewaaijse Hogeweg Tiel-Passewaaijse Hogeweg Kapel-A vezaath-'Nieuwenoord' Kapel-Avezaath-'Bergakker' * 48 Buren-'De Hofkamp' E circular Buren-'Hooge Korn' Zoelen-'Nije Graaf' E E circular leaf-shaped Zoe len Echteld I Echteld I Echteld II Aalst-'Eendenkade' (Kerkwijk) Nieuwaal-'Kendert' Nieuwaal-'Kendert' Nieuwaal-Middelkampseweg Delwijnen-'De Eng' E E circular circular (frag.) E circular (frag.) E circular E E E E E E E E + rhombic circular circular circular leaf-shaped (ph) + circular rhombic (frag.) + circular E E rhombic circular + E E leaf-shaped rhombic + lid coli. H. Murray, Hedel + lid coil. H. Vroon, Eck en Wiel 49 * 50 * 51 52.1 52.2 53 54 * 55.1 55.2 56 57.1 * 57.2 * 57.3 * 58 * 59 * 60 * 61 62 28 29 Delwijnen-'De Delwijnen-'De Delwijnen-'De Delwijnen-'De Eng' Eng' Vorsten' Boosteren' Kerkwijk-'Het Paradijs' Bruchem-'De Burge' Beneden-Leeuwen E circular E E E square circular circular (frag.) E square + lid lid base coli. BATO, Tiel base base base 4 3? MV Nijmegen, no inv.no. (formerly coli. D. Jansen, Wijchen); ARCHIS 31165 coil. H. de Graaf, Amersfoort coil. C. Wiggelinkhuysen, Geldermalsen base 3 coli. M .. Evers, St.-Oedenrode 3 coil. H. Vroon, Eck en Wiel coil. H. Vroon, Eck en Wiel 3 + lid 3 + lid lid base lid lid lid base 3 col!. A. Verhagen, Empel (coil. J. Schippers) 3 coli. A. Wagemakers, Waspik coil. A. Knops, Vught coil. F. van Berkel, Ammerzoden coli. F. van Berkel, Ammerzoden col!. F. van Berkel, Ammerzoden 4 coil. F. van Berkel, Ammerzoden 4 coil. F. van Berkel, Ammerzoden base lid base col!. H. Vroon, Eck en Wiel coil. H. Vroon, Eck en Wiel coil. R. van Zeelst, Ammerzoden coil. A. Verhagen, Empel (coil. J. Schippers) With sloping side walls and exceptionally large diameter of 30 mm. In contrast to what is suggested by the reference in the ARCHIS database to Ulbert 1969, Taf. 41.26 (== square seal-box of our cat. no. 99.6), the example is circular. Seal-boxes from the area of the civitas BatavortLJn ｴｾｊ＠ｾ＠ 57.2 9V 57.3 58 63.2 ＢＧＭＮｊｾ＠ 64.1 ｾ＠ 64.2 Pl. 7.X. @ ｾ＠ 123 Seal-boxes from the area of the civitas Batavorum 124 ｾ＠ 67.12 67.13 67.6 67.14 67.9 67.10 x.5 Pl. 7.XI. Ｇｾ＠ Seal-boxes from the area of the civitas Batavorum * 63.1 Ewijk-'De Grote Aalst' E (v) circular base 4 * 63.2 Ewijk-'De Grote Aalst' E (v) circular base 4 * 64.1 Wijchen-'Tienakker' Wijchen-'Tienakker' Groesbeek-'Klein America' E (v)?leaf-shaped leaf-shaped E * 64.2 65 66 MV Nijmegen, no inv.no. (ex col!. T. Jansen, Wijchen) MV Nijmegen, no inv.no. (ex col!. T. Jansen, Wijchen) Excav. BAGN, Til-23.84 Frans Bloemen Museum, Wijchen col!. J. de Jong, Molenhoek; Hiddink 2000,30 MV Nijmegen, inv.no. 15.5.23.10 (formerly col!. Arntz) Derks & Swinkels 1994, fig. 1.1 ( EB) lid lid lid lid Milling en E E Empel-'De Werf' F square square circular (toad) circular (eagle) circular (frag.) 67.7 Empel-'De Werf' Empel-'De Werf' Empel-'De Werf' Empel-'De Werf' Empel-'De Werf' Empel-'De Werf' F F F F F F circular circular 3 4 Derks & Swinkels 1994, fig. 1.6 ( E-256) Derks & Swinkels 1994, fig. 1.7 67.8 67.9 Empel-'De Werf' Empel-'De Werf' F F circular circular 3 4 67.10 Empel-'De Werf' Empel-'De Werf' F circular circular (rl) circular (tinned) circular (frag.) Derks & Swinkels 1994, fig. 1.8 Derks & Swinkels 1994, fig. 1.9 ( EB) Derks & Swinkels 1994, fig. 1.10 ( E-221) * 67.1 * * * * * * * * * * * * * circular leaf-shaped 30 + + + + 125 67.2 67.3 67.4 67.5 67.6 67.11 67.12 67.13 F F F 67.19 Empel-'De Werf' Empel-'De Werf' Empel-'De Werf' Empel-'De Werf' Empel-'De Werf' Empel-'De Werf' Empel-'De Werf' Empel-'De Werf' 67.20 Empel-'De Werf' F Empel-'De Werf' F F 67.14 67.15 67.16 67.17 67.18 67.21 67.22 F F F F F F leaf-shaped circular square square square leaf-shaped 3 3 lid 3 lid base + base base base base + base leaf-shaped circular (rl) circular 31 4 ? 3 3 3 3 3 lid 3 4 lid base 67.23 67.24 Empel-'De Werf' Empel-'De Werf' Empel-'De Werf' 67.25 67.26 Empel-'De Werf' Empel-'De Werf' F F 68 x.1 Macharen Nijmegen? E ? rhombic circular x.2 Nijmegen? ? leaf-shaped x.3 Nijmegen? ? circular (cock) lid * x.4 Nijmegen? ? circular (rl) lid * x.S Nijmegen?' 33 ? square F F Derks & Swinkels 1994, fig. 1.2 ( EB) Derks & Swinkels 1994, fig. 1.3 ( E-123) Derks & Swinkels 1994, fig. 1.4 ( E-231) Derks & Swinkels 1994, fig. 1.5 ( E-125) 4 square base square circular circular + + Derks & Swinkels 1994, fig. 1.11 Derks & Swinkels 1994, fig. 1.12 ( EB-638) Derks & Swinkels 1994, fig. 1.13 Derks & Swinkels 1994, fig. 1.14 ( E-124) *Mun. 's-Hertogenbosch, E156 *Mun. 's-Hertogenbosch, E402 *Mun. 's-Hertogenbosch, E453 *Mun. 's-Hertogenbosch, DBOE II-0-12 Mun. 's-Hertogenbosch, inv.no. 5549 (ex col!. T. van den Brandt) col!. J. van Bergen, find no. EB-371 *col!. J. van Bergen, find no. EB-598 *col!. J. van Bergen, find no. EB-843 3 3 ? *col!. J. van Bergen, find no. EB 3 *col!. A. Verhagen, Empel (formerly col!. R. van Gijn, 's-Hertogenbosch) col!. T. Jansen, Wijchen MV Nijmegen, inv.no. BE.III.39; Abeleven/Bijleveld 1895, 122, no. 39 MV Nijmegen, inv.no. BE.III.40; Abeleven/Bijleveld 1895, 122, no. 40 lid 4 ?32 3 *col!. J. van Bergen, find no. EB col!. P. Vlemminckx, 's-Hertogenbosch MV Nijmegen, inv.no. BE.III.40; Abeleven/ Bijleveld 1895, 122, no. 40; Zadoks-Josephus Jitta/Gerhartl-Witteveen 1983, 18, no. 226 MV Nijmegen, inv.no. BE.III.40; Abeleven/ Bijleveld 1895, 122, no. 40 MV Nijmegen, inv.no. BE.VI.34 30 With an enamel design of a stylized human face, comparable to an example from Mainz. Cf. Von Mercklin 31 32 33 It cannot be concluded from the drawing whether the lid is centrally perforated for a rivet. 1935, 127, no. 47 and Abb. 50. The number of perforations cannot be established due to far-reaching corrosion. The example was acquired in 1884, which could point to a findspot on theW edge of the Hunerberg, where at the time the modern town was expanding over the former rampart. Information from L Swinkels, MV Nijmegen. Seal-boxes from the area of the civitas Batavorum 126 ,.0 [] Q x.11 x.13 116.1 116.2 116.4 Pl. 7.XII. 139 Seal-boxes from the area of the civitas Batavorum x.6 Nijmegen? x.7 Nijmegen? Nijmegen? x.8 * x.9 x.10 circular 4 Van Dockum/Van Ginkel 1993, 128(left); MV Nijmegen, no inv.no. (col!. Kam) ? circular ? ? circular (rl) 34 4 4 MV Nijmegen, no inv.no. (col!. Kam) MV Nijmegen, no inv.no. (col!. Kam) 3 MV Nijmegen, no inv.no. (col!. Kam) ? Nijmegen? ? ? ? ? ? circular circular leaf-shaped (pd) leaf-shaped rhombic 35 circular x.15 Nijmegen? ? ? x.16 Nijmegen? ? leaf-shaped (pd) ? x.17 Nijmegen? ? leaf-shaped (rosette) ? x.18 Nijmegen? ? leaf-shaped * x.11 x.12 * x.13 x.14 Nijmegen? Nijmegen? Nijmegen? Nijmegen? Nijmegen? 127 + MV Nijmegen, no inv.no. (col!. Kam) MV Nijmegen, no inv.no. (col!. Kam) MV Nijmegen, no inv.no. (col!. Kam) MV Nijmegen, no inv.no. (col!. Kam) RMO Leiden, inv.no. E.III.l185; Holwerda 1908, 202, no. 1185 RMO Lei den, inv.no. E.III.ll88; Holwerda 1908, 203, no. 1188 RMO Leiden, inv.no. E.III.ll90; Holwerda 1908, 203, no. 1190 lid 3 + lid base 3 ? ? + RMO Leiden, inv.no. E.III.1191; Holwerda 1908,203, no. 1191 RMO Leiden, inv.no. E.III.ll92; Holwerda 1908, 203, no. 1192 ? + The following items became known to us too late to be inserted in the appendix and the corresponding diagram and maps: 2 complete circular boxes (one with a design of an eagle and 3 perforations, the other plain and with 4 holes) from Nijmegen-Kops Pleateau now in the col!. B. ter Horst, Nijmegen; a leaf-shaped base with 3 holes from Houten-Veerwagenweg (cat. 12), col!. B. Verburg, Amersfoort; a rectangular base with 3 holes from Tiel-Passewaaijse Hogeweg (excav. AIVU 147 /0/127); a leaf-shaped base with 3 holes from a rural settlement at Rijswijk-'Essenbos' publishsed by Holwerda in Ge/re 20 (1917) 235, fig. 5; and a square enamel lid and a lozenge-shaped base with 4 perforations, both probably from Nijmegen and now in the col!. B. ter Horst. 34 35 The pin of a rivet is still present. For the shape, compare Koscevic 2000, fig. 1.9. Appendix 2 Seal-boxes from N Gaul and the Rhineland For details concerning numbering and abbreviations, see Appendix 1. For public collections mentioned in the last column, the following additional abbreviations have been used here: FM =Fries Museum; IPP = Instituut voor Pre- en Protohistorie, University of Amsterdam; LM = Limburgs Museum; MAN= Musee des Antiquites Nationales; MNHA = Musee National d'Histoire et d' Art; PGRM = Provinciaal Gallo-Romeins Museum; RGM = Romisch-Germanisches Museum; RLM = Rheinisches Landesmuseum. 00 ;§ item no. - 71.1 site type of site type of seal-box (desi!jn) ] I'd 5 preser- no. of vation perforations Chateau-Porcien-'Nandin' Chateau-Porcien-'Nandin' Chateau-Porcien-'Nandin' Chateau-Porcien-'Nandin' Voncq-'Le Moulin a Vent' A A A square Alesia/ Alise-Sainte-Reine A semi-oval 3 MAN, St-Germain-en-Laye, inv.no. 16263; Cizmar 1990, 599 73.2 Alesia/ Alise-Sainte-Reine A semi-oval 3 73.3 Alesia/ Alise-Sainte-Reine A circular MAN, St-Germain-en-Laye, inv.no. 16264; Cizrnat1990, 599 Guiraud 1988, fig. 25b (top) 73.4 73.5 Alesia/ Alise-Sainte-Reine A circular (panther) Alesia/ Alise-Sainte-Reine A leaf-shaped (ph) 3 Deyts/Rolley 1973, no. 7, pl. 1.7; Guiraud 1988, fig. 25b (centre) 71.2 71.3 71.4 72 73.1 A A base leaf-shaped leaf-shaped leaf-shaped (pd) leaf-shaped lid lid base 3 collection I reference 3 Lambot 1983, 44, fig. 20.248 private col!.; pers. comm. B. private col!.; pers. comm. B. private col!.; pers. comm. B. private col!.; pers. comm. B. Lambot Lambot Lambot Lambot Guiraud 1988, fig. 25b (bottom) + Seal-boxes from N Gaul and the Rhineland 128 73.6 Alesia/ Alise-Sainte-Reine A circular (cock) 74 Altenburg-Rheinau A semi-oval 75.1 75.2 75.3 Velsen I Velsen I Velsen I B square 75.4 76.1 76.2 76.3 76.4 76.5 Velsen I Alphen a/d Alphen a/d Alphen a/d Alphen a/d Alphen a/d 76.6 76.7 76.8 Alphen a/d Rijn Alphen a/d Rijn 77.1 77.2 78.1 78.2 78.3 78.4 78.5 78.6 78.7 79.1 79.2 79.3 Rijn Rijn Rijn Rijn Rijn Alphen a/d Rijn Zwammerdam Zwammerdam 'bei Cleve' 38 'bei Cleve' 'bei Cleve' 'bei Cleve' 'bei Cleve' 'bei Cleve' 'bei Cleve' Xan ten- Vetera 79.4 Xanten-Vetera Xanten- Vet era Xanten- Vet era 80 Bi.iderich39 81 82.1 82.2 82.3 Hal tern Kalkriese Kalkriese Kalkriese Kalkriese Moers-Asberg 82.4 83 84.1 84.2 84.3 84.4 84.5 84.6 84.7 84.8 36 37 38 39 B square36 B B B B B square 37 circular circular circular circular B B B leaf-shaped circular (eagle) circular B leaf-shaped B B B? square circular circular (ph) circular B? B? B? square square leaf-shaped B? B? B? B B B lid 3 B B B B B B B (c) square square square square square circular circular B Neuss Neuss excav. KUN, ALP01.027.00467 excav. KUN, ALP01.027.00476 excav. KUN, ALP01.027.00483a 3 excav. KUN, ALP01.027.00483b excav. KUN, ALP01.029.00559 Haalebos 1977,230, Abb. 22.123 3 + base base base base base lid Bosman 1997, 148; AWN inv.no. 60 excav. KUN, ALP01.027.00452 excav. KUN, ALP01.027.00464a excav. KUN, ALP01.027.00464b 3 4 lid square leaf-shaped rectangular circular 3 3 3 lid base base ? B B? Bosman 1997, 148; excav. IPP, 89-20-06 Bosman 1997, 148; AWN inv.no. 2149 base base base base base base Mus. Alesia inv.no. 807; Feugere & Abautzit 1995' 54 Fischer 1974, 158, Taf. 33.3-5 Bosman 1997, 148; excav. IPP, 90-21-012 Haalebos 1977, 230 f., Abb. 22.124 Friederichs 1871, 138, no. 573 Friederichs 1871, 138, no. 574 Friederichs 1871, 138, no. 575 Friederichs 1871, 138, no. 576 Friederichs 1871, 138, no. 577 Friederichs 1871, 138, no. 578 ? Friederichs 1871, 138, no. 579 3 3 Hanel1995, 47, Taf. 4l.B296 Hanel1995, 47, Taf. 4l.B297 5 Hanel1995, 47, B298 Hanel1995, 47, Taf. 41.B299 RLM Bonn, inv.no. 40.234 Dragendorff 1903, 61 Abb. 2 Franzius 1992,374, Abb. 14.2 Franzius 1992,374, Abb. 15.2 Franzius 1992,374, Abb. 15.3 base 3 base 3 Franzius 1992, 374, Abb. 15.4 Bechert 1974, 109, fig. 84.14 square base B B B rectangular circular circular 3 4 3 Koenen 1883, 160 RLM Bonn, inv.no. 06910 RLM Bonn, inv.no. 07480 base lid 3 RLM Bonn, inv.no. 07534 Neuss Neuss B B circular circular base lid 3 Neuss B circular Neuss Neuss Neuss + lid RLM Bonn, inv.no. 08060 RLM Bonn, inv.no. 08693 RLM Bonn, inv.no. 09747; Lehner 1904, 386, Taf. 34.44 RLM Bonn, inv.no. 10720; Lehner 1904, 386, Taf. 34.42 According to A. Bosman, an iron example, of which only fragments of the base have been preserved. According to A. Bosman, a white metal example. Although we have been unable to identify the site, a rural settlement seems rather improbable, given the relatively large number found at a period when metal-detecting was unknown. One of the possibilities with regard to provenance is the Monreberg at Altkalkar, where Roman finds were made as early as the 1880s, some of them from the early 1st c. (Schonberger 1985, 424), the period to which at least the square boxes belong. It has been impossible to retrieve the seal-boxes from the Antikensammlung der Staatlichen Museen in Berlin: they should probably be regarded as lost now (pers. comm. M. Bronner). No excavations have been undertaken on this site, but according to information from U. Heimberg (Rheinisches Landesmuseum Bonn), the amount of military equipment gathered here may justify an interpretation as an auxiliary camp. Seal-boxes from N Gaul and the Rhineland 84.9 84.10 Neuss Neuss B B circular leaf-shaped 84.11 84.12 84.13 Neuss Neuss Neuss B B B square circular 84.14 84.15 84.16 Neuss Neuss Neuss B B B leaf-shaped circular circular 84.17 Neuss B circular 84.18 84.19 Neuss Neuss B B circular circular lid 85 86.1 86.2 86.3 86.4 Cologne-' Alteburg' Bonn-Wichelshof B B Bonn-Wichelshof B Bonn-Wichelshof B Bonn-? (exact place unknown) B Bonn-? B Bonn-? B circular circular base Bonn-? Niederbieber B B Niederbieber Niederbieber Niederbieber B B B B square leaf-shaped (h) circular leaf-shaped 86.5 86.6 86.7 87.1 87.2 87.3 87.4 88.1 88.2 88.3 88.4 88.5 88.6 88.7 88.8 88.9 88.10 40 41 42 Zugmantel Zugmantel Zugmantel Zugmantel Zugmantel Zugmantel Zugmantel Zugmantel Zugmantel Zugmantel B B B B B B B B B 88.11 88.12 88.13 88.14 88.15 Zugmantel Zugmantel Zugmantel 88.16 88.17 Zugmantel Zugmantel B B 88.18 88.19 Zugmantel Zugmantel 88.20 88.21 88.22 88.23 88.24 Zugmantel Zugmantel Zugmantel Zugmantel Zugmantel B B B Zugmantel Zugmantel B B B B B B B B B lid 3 3? lid lid circular40 circular (frag.) rhombic rhombic leaf-shaped circular square leaf-shaped (h) leaf-shaped (h) circular circular circular leaf-shaped (ph) rhombic circular leaf-shaped (h) leaf-shaped (pd)42 base base 441 ? + + + lid + lid leaf-shaped (ph) leaf-shaped leaf-shaped (h) circular + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + leaf-shaped leaf-shaped (ph) leaf-shaped 4 4 4? 4 4 RLM Bonn, inv.no. 10721 RLM Bonn, inv.no. 10723; Lehner 1904, 387, Taf. 34.41 RLM Bonn, inv.no. 10728 RLM Bonn, inv.no. 11779 RLM Bonn, inv.no. 11880; Lehner 1904, 386, Taf. 34.29 RLM Bonn, inv.no. 11994 RLM Bonn, inv.no. 12501 RLM Bonn, inv.no. 12612; Lehner 1904, 386, Taf. 34.30 RLM Bonn, inv.no. 12656; Lehner 1904, 386, Taf. 34.31 RLM Bonn, inv.no. 13223 RMO Leiden, inv.no. E.III.1186; Holwerda 1908, 202 Carroll & Fischer 1999,567, Abb. 18.9 RLM Bonn, inv.no. 74.5511 RLM Bonn, inv.no. 77.0352 RLM Bonn, inv.no. Wi 2537 RLM Bonn, inv.no. 04325 RLM Bonn, inv.no. 16084 RLM Bonn, inv.no. 16085 RLM Bonn, inv.no. 19087 RLM Bonn, inv.no. 32087 lid + ? ? leaf-shaped leaf-shaped leaf-shaped (ph) 3 3 4 129 lid lid lid lid RLM Bonn, inv.no. 32088 RLM Bonn, inv.no. 32191 RLM Bonn, inv.no. 32211 Jacobi 1909,91, (inv.no. Z 230a) Jacobi 1909, 91, Taf. 10.33 (inv.no. Z 231) lid ? lid lid ? lid lid lid lid Jacobi 1909,91, Taf. 10.34 (inv.no. Z 233) Jacobi 1909, 91 (inv.no. Z 233a) Jacobi 1909,91 (inv.no. Z 233b) Jacobi 1909, 91, Taf. 10.35 (inv.no. Z 234) Jacobi 1909, 91, Taf. Jacobi 1909, 91, Taf. Jacobi 1909, 91, Taf. Jacobi 1909, 91-92, 1409) base lid ? base 3 3 3 3 Jacobi Jacobi Jacobi Jacobi 10.39 (inv.no. Z 224) 10.41 (inv.no. Z 225) 10.47 (inv.no. Z 230) 87, fig. 10.4 (inv.no. Z 1910, 52 (inv.no. 2470) 1910,52 (inv.no. 2484) 1913, 64, Taf. 9.26 (inv.no. 3450?) 1913, 64, Taf. 9.27 (inv.no. 3454) Jacobi 1913, 64, Taf. 9.28 (inv.no. 3452) Jacobi 1913, 64, Taf. 9.29 (inv.no. 3453) lid Jacobi 1913, 64, Taf. 9.30 (inv.no. 3451) lid Jacobi 1913, 64, Taf. 9.31 (inv.no. 3449?) Jacobi 1913, 64, Taf. 9.32 Jacobi 1913, 64 (inv.no. 3456) 3 lid + base 3 3 Jacobi 1913, 64 (inv.no. 3457) Jacobi 1913, 65, Taf. 20.8 Jacobi 1913, 65, Taf. 20.9 Jacobi 1913, Taf. 20.9a According to U. Heimberg: "am Rand 8 spitze Kni:ipfe". According to U. Heimberg, the example does not have 5 perforations, as stated by Lehner, but 4. The design is not the usual curvilinear pattern, but that of a bird. Seal-boxes from N Gaul and the Rhineland 130 B 88.27 89.1 89.2 89.3 89.4 90 91.1 91.2 91.3 Zugmantel Alteburg-Heftrich Alteburg-Heftrich Alteburg-Heftrich Alteburg-Heftrich B Feldberg Saalburg Saalburg Saalburg B 91.4 91.5 91.6 Saalburg Sa alburg Saalburg B 91.7 Saalburg 91.8 91.9 91.10 91.11 Saalburg Saalburg Saalburg Saalburg 92.1 92.2 92.3 92.4 Butzbach Butzbach Butzbach Butzbach Butzbach B Butzbach Butzbach Butzbach Butzbach Butzbach B Butzbach Ober-Florstadt Ober-Florstadt Ruckingen Osterburken Osterburken B 88.26 92.5 92.6 92.7 92.8 92.9 92.10 92.11 93.1 93.2 94 95.1 95.2 95.3 95.4 95.5 96 97.1 97.2 base base leaf-shaped circular Zugmantel Zugmantel 88.25 B circular rhombic + lid leaf-shaped leaf-shaped leaf-shaped leaf-shaped (h) rhombic square rhombic + lid lid lid + lid + B leaf-shaped leaf-shaped (h) B B circular circular + + + B circular circular + + B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B leaf-shaped leaf-shaped (h) leaf-shaped leaf-shaped leaf-shaped leaf-shaped circular leaf-shaped leaf-shaped leaf-shaped + Jacobi 1904, 7, no. 5 Jacobi 1904, 7,no.6 Jacobi 1904,7,no. 7 Jacobi 1905, 29, no. 102 Jacobi 1897, 512, Taf. 69.3 Jacobi 1897, 520, Taf. 69.4 Jacobi 1897, 512, Taf. 69.5 Jacobi 1897,520, Taf. 69.10 Jacobi 1897,520, Taf. 69.11 Jacobi 1897, Taf. 69.12 Jacobi 1897, Taf. 69.13 lid base Jacobi 1897, Taf. 69.16 Jacobi 1930,30, Taf. 5.17 3 3 3 + Osterburken Osterburken + B Osterburken B leaf-shaped Jagsthausen Hofheim im Taunus Hofheim im Taunus Hofheim im Taunus Hofheim im Taunus Hofheim im Taunus B leaf-shaped circular Hofheim im Taunus Hofheim im Taunus Hofheim im Taunus Hofheim im Taunus B 3 3 3 + + + + lid lid lid lid lid lid base base base base 3 3 3 3 3 B leaf-shaped circular circular circular circular (Victoria) circular circular circular (Victoria) 97.10 97.11 97.12 97.13 97.14 Hofheim im Taur1Us Hofheim im Taunus Hofheim im Taunus B circular B circular (dolphin) lid B Hofheim im Taunus Hofheim im Taunus B base 3 B leaf-shaped circular circular (animal) 97.15 97.16 Hofheim im Taur1US Hofheim im TaUI1US B circular base 3 B circular (portrait) 97.3 97.4 97.5 97.6 97.7 97.8 97.9 B B B B B B base base lid Kofler 1894, 19, no. 7 Kofler 1894, 19, no. 7 Kofler1894, 19,no. 7 Kofler 1894, 19, no. 7 Kofler 1903, 11, no. 5 Kofler 1903, 11, no. 6, Taf. 1.15 Wolff 1913, 16, Taf. 2.8 Schumacher 1895, 34, Taf. 6.48 Stade 1933,235, no. 60, Taf. 24.60 Stade 1933, 235, no. 63, Taf. 24.63 3 base Kofler 1894, 19, no. 7 Kofler 1894, 19, no. 7 Kofler 1894, 19, no. 7 Stade 1933, 235, no. 61, Taf. 24.61 Stade 1933, 235, no. 62, Taf. 24.62 + lid + lid + Jacobi 1930, 30, Taf. 5.19 Jacobi 1934,20, Taf. 2.21 Lindenschmit 1889, Taf. 18.15 Lindenschmit 1889, Taf. 18.16 Lindenschmit 1889, Taf. 18.18 Lindenschmit 1889, Taf. 18.19 3 + leaf-shaped B Jacobi 1904,7, no. 4, Taf. 2.9 + leaf-shaped leaf-shaped B 4 3 B B B Jacobi 1913, 65, Taf. 20.11 Jacobi 1913, 65 (inv.no. 3970) + + B B 3 + lid + lid + lid + lid + lid + B Jacobi 1913, 65, Taf. 20.10 ? + + + leaf-shaped leaf-shaped leaf-shaped leaf-shaped (h) leaf-shaped (ph) rhombic enamel circular (hare) B 3 3 3 3 Kortum 1988,349, Abb. 17.7 inv.no. 16042; Ritterling 1904, Taf. 3.64 inv.no. 17057.2; Ritterling 1904, Taf. 3.66 inv.no. 17088; Ritterling 1904, Taf. 3.65 Ritterling 1904, Taf. 3.67 Ritterling 1904, Taf. 3.68 inv.no. 17579.1; Ritterling 1904, 413 inv.no. 17579.2; Ritterling 1904,413 inv.no. 17579.3; Ritter ling 1904,413 inv.no. 17579.4; Ritterling 1904,413 inv.no. 17579.5; Ritter ling 1904,413 Ritterling 1904, 413, Abb. 12 inv.no. 18314; Ritterling 1912, 186, Taf. 16.56 inv.no. 18315; Ritterling 1912, 187 inv.no. 18316; Ritterling 1912, Taf. 12.22; ibid. Taf. 16.54 inv.no. 18933; Ritterling 1912, 187 inv.no. 18934; Ritterling 1912, Taf. 12.26 ibid. Taf. 16.55? = Seal-boxes from N Gaul and the Rhineland 97.17 Hofheim im Taunus B circular (gladiator) 97.18 97.19 97.20 97.21 97.22 Hofheim Hofheim Hofheim Hofheim Hofheim im Taunus im Taunus im Tamms im Tamms im Tamms B B B B B circular circular (altar?) circular (trees) circular circular (rosette) 97.23 Hofheim im Tamms B circular 97.24 Hofheim im Taunus B circular ? 97.25 97.26 Hofheim im Taunus Hofheim im Taunus B B circular circular base 97.27 Hofheim im Taunus B circular 98.1 98.2 98.3 98.4 Mainz-Legionslager Mainz-Legionslager Mainz-Legionslager Mainz-Legionslager 98.5 98.6 98.7 98.8 98.9 Mainz-Legionslager Mainz-Legionslager Mainz-Legionslager Mainz-Legionslager B B B B B B B B rhombic rhombic square square square square circular (animal) circular Mainz-Legionslager B circular? 98.10 98.11 Mainz-Legionslager Mainz-Legionslager 98.12 98.13 98.14 98.15 98.16 98.17 Mainz-Legionslager Mainz-Legionslager Mainz-Legionslager Mainz-Legionslager Mainz-Legionslager Mainz B B B B square circular circular circular 98.18 Mair1Z 99.1 Rheingi:inheim B? B leaf-shaped circular 99.2 Rheingi:inheim B circular 99.3 99.4 Rheingi:inheim Rheingi:inheim B B circular circular (horse?) 99.5 99.6 99.7 99.8 Rheingi:inheim Rheingi:inheim Rheingi:inheim B B B B B B B square square square square square semi-oval circular B circular inv.no. 18935; Ritterling 1912, Taf. 12.23 ibid. Taf. 12.577 base 3 ? inv.no. inv.no. inv.no. inv.no. = 19538; Ritterling 1912, 187 19539; Ritterling 1912, 187 19540; Ritterling 1912, Taf. 12.28 19541; Ritterling 1912, 187 inv.no. 19559; Ritterling 1912, Taf. 12.25 inv.no. 08.493; Ritterling'1912, Taf. 12.27 base ? + + base lid base inv.no. 08.494; Ritterling 1912, 187 3 3 inv.no. 08.495; Ritterling 1912, 187 inv.no. 08.496; Ritterling 1912, 187 inv.no. 09.338; Ritterling 1912, 187 Westd. Z 12 (1893), 389, Taf. 5.5 ! Westd. Z 12 (1893), 389 3 3 3 3 Behrens 1912, 89, Abb. Behrens 1912, 89, Abb. Behrens 1912, 89, Abb. Behrens 1912, 89, Abb. 3 Behrens 1912, 89, Abb. 3.34 Behrens 1912, 89, Abb. 3.35 3.30 3.31 3.32 3.33 Behrens 1912, 89, Abb. 3.36 3 3 + lid base 3 + 3 B leaf-shaped B leaf-shaped B leaf-shaped B (c) circular? (eagle) 131 + lid 3 3 + base base base lid base base 3 3 Behrens 1913/14, 69, Abb. 2.26 Behrens 1913/14, 69, Abb. 2.23 Behrens 1913/14, 69, Abb. 2.25 Behrens 1913/14,69, Abb. 2.27 Behrens 1913/14,69, Abb. 2.24 Behrens 1917/18, 30, Abb. 11.6 Behrens 1917/18, 30 Mertens-Schaaffhausen 1850, 139-40, Taf. 4.2; cf. Aus'm Weerth 1859, 94-95 Von Mercklin 1935, 127, Abb. 50 Ulbert 1969,50, Taf. 41.21 Ulbert 1969, 50, Taf. 41.22 3 Ulbert 1969, 50, Taf. 41.23 Ulbert 1969, 50, Taf. 41.24 3 3 3 3 3 3 Ulbert 1969, 50, Taf. 41.25 Ulbert 1969, 50, Taf. 41.26 Ulbert 1969, 50, Taf. 41.27 Ulbert 1969, 50, Taf. 41.28 Fingerlin 1986, Fundnr. 161.2 Fingerlin 1986, Fundnr. 176.5 3 Fingerlin 1986, Fundnr. 426.1 Fingerlin 1986, Fundnr. 503.1 100.1 100.2 100.3 100.4 Rheingi:inheim Dangstetten Dangstetten Dangstetten Dangstetten 100.5 Dangstetten B square 3 Fingerlin 1998, Fundnr. 658.9 100.6 100.7 Dangstetten Dangstetten B B square semi-oval 3 100.8 Dangstetten 100.9 Dangstetten 100.10 Dangstetten B B square circular Fingerlin 1998, Fundnr. 696.3 Fingerlin 1998, Fundnr. 844c.1 Fingerlin 1998, Fundnr. 1048.3 B square 100.11 101.1 101.2 102.1 102.2 102.3 Dangstetten Hi.ifingen Hi.ifingen RiBtissen Rilltissen RiBtissen B B B B square circular circular circular (rl) base B B circular circular base base 103.1 Vindonissa B circular (eagle) base base base 3 base 3 3 3 3 3 3 lid 4 Fingerlin 1998, Fundnr. 1059.2 Fingerlin 1998, Fundnr. 1122.6 Fingerlin 1998, Fundnr. 1233.2 Revellio 1937, 39, Taf. 10.42 Revellio 1937,39, Taf. 10.43 Ulbert 1970,32, Taf. 11.179 3 Ulbert 1970, 32, Taf. 11.179a 3 Ulbert 1970,44, Taf. 26.416 4 Simonett 1947, 70, Abb. 18.6; Laur-Belart 1962, 42; Speidel1996, fig. 9, left Seal-boxes from N Gaul and the Rhineland 132 103.2 103.3 Vindonissa Vindonissa 103.4 Vindonissa 103.5 103.6 Vindonissa Vindonissa Basel-Munsterhugel 104 105 106.1 106.2 106.3 107.1 Strasbourg Mirebeau Mirebeau Mirebeau Tongeren43 B B B B B B B B B B 107.2 Tongeren44 107.3 Tongeren45 107.4 Tongeren46 107.5 107.6 Tongeren Tongeren? c c c c c c 107.7 Tongeren? 107.8 108.1 circular (capricorn) circular (rl) 3 4 Simonett 1947, 70, Abb. 18.7 Meyer-Freuler 1989, 200, Taf. 25.391 leaf-shaped leaf-shaped (pd) ? square 3 Speidel1996, fig. 9 (centre right) Speidel1996, fig. 9 (right) leaf-shaped circular (eagle) circular circular square Speidel1996, fig. 9 (centre left) lid lid base base + 4 3 4 4? excav. lAP, find no. T092/019 I 446 circular + 4 coil. P. Vrancken, Maastricht square + 4 coil. P. Vrancken, Maastricht 4 Marien 1980, 136, fig. 61b PGRM Tongres, inv.no. 215 (ex coil. De Schaetzen) PGRM Tongres, inv.no. 868 (ex coil. De Schaetzen) PGRM Tongres, inv.no. 2451 RLM Bonn, inv.no. 36.3286 RLM Bonn, inv.no. C 197; Hinz 1971, 164, Abb. 35.11 RLM Bonn, inv.no. C 109; Hinz 1971, 164, Abb. 35.12 Mus. Xanten inv.no. 90/16, 31974; Feugere & Abauzit 1995, 53 no. 11 Kisa 1896, 73 (no. 1428) circular base 3 c circular base 4? c c c circular lid 108.2 Tongeren? Xanten-colonia Xanten-colonia 108.3 Xanten-colonia c circular 108.4 Xanten-co/onia c circular (eagle) 109.1 109.2 109.3 Cologne c c c c c c leaf-shaped circular (sphinx) 109.4 109.5 109.6 109.7 109.8 3 3 circular circular circular leaf-shaped circular (eagle) circular C (c) circular base 3 3 + Kisa 1896, 73 (no. 1429), Taf. 24.23 Kisa 1896, 73 (no. 1430) lid lid? + + 3 C (c) circular Trier Trier c c circular (lion?) 110.2 rectangular + 4 110.3 Trier c circular + 4 c c c c c c c circular + rhombic square circular + leaf-shaped leaf-shaped (h) + leaf-shaped + lid lid c c leaf-shaped (h) + lid circular + 110.1 43 44 45 46 Cologne Cologne Cologne-Luxemburger Straile (Grab?) Cologne-Luxemburger Straile (Grab 180) 110.4 Trier 110.5 110.6 110.7 110.8 110.9 111.1 Trier Trier Trier Trier Trier? Frankfurt-Heddernheim 111.2 111.3 Frankfurt-Heddernheim Frankfurt-Heddernheim Kielenstraat. Kielenstraat. Cottalaan. Koninksemsesteenweg. excav. lAP, find no. T092/020/068 circular (rivet) circular Cologne Cologne Cologne Fellmann 1981, 13 Hatt 1953, 237, fig. 9.36 13rouquier-Redde 1995, 349, fig. 127.127 13rouquier-Redde 1995, 349f., fig. 127.128 13rouquier-Redde 1995, 350, fig. 127.129 3 + 4 + + 3 Kisa 1896, 73 (no. 1431), Taf. 24.21 Kisa 1896, 73 (no. 1432) La Baume 1964, pl. 16 (left) RGM Cologne inv.no. N 4584; La Baume 1964, pl. 16 (right) RGM Cologne, inv.no. L 747; Hagen 1906, 387, Taf. 21.10.f; Gollub 1960/61, 58, Abb. 3.13 Westd. Z 2 (1883) 222, Taf. 12.5 Hettner 1903, 91; Schindler 1977, Abb. 163 top left Hettner 1903, 91; Schindler 1977, Abb. 163 bottom left Schindler 1977, Abb. 163 top middle Schindler 1977, Abb. 163 top right Schindler 1977, Abb. 163 bottom middle Schindler 1977, Abb. 163 bottom right Gilles 1994, 19, Abb. 8-9 Faust 1995, 383, Kat.Nr. A 132 Fischer 1973, 104, Abb. 25.3; Kohlert-Nemeth 1990, 92-93 Fischer 1973, 107, Abb. 26.7 3 Fischer 1973, 107, Abb. 26.6 Seal-boxes from N Gaul and the Rhineland 3 133 Kohlert-Nemeth 1990, 92-93 111.4 Frankfurt-Heddernheim 111.5 Frankfurt-Heddernheim C C circular leaf-shaped (h) 111.6 Frankfurt-Heddernheim C semi-oval 3 Obmann 1997, 139, Taf. 49.1950 111.7 Frankfurt-Heddernheim C semi-oval 3 Obmann 1997, 139, Taf. 49.1951 111.8 Frankfurt-Heddernheim C circular (rl) 4 Fasold 1998, 305 111.9 Frankfurt-Heddernheim C circular 4 Fasold 1998, 305 112 Ladenburg? 113.1 Augst 113.2 Augst 113.3 Augst 113.4 Augst 114 Amiens c c c c c c + + Kohlert-Nemeth 1990, 92-93 lid 3 Rabold/Sommer 1998,7, Abb. 3 circular (eagle) 4 Kaufmann-Heinimann 1994, 138, Taf. 87.240 circular (hare) 3 Kaufmann-H. 1994, 138-39, Taf. 87.241 leaf-shaped + circular (hare) lid Kaufmann-H. 1994, 139, Taf. 87.242 circular (toad) lid Kaufmann-H. 1994, 139, Taf. 87.243 leaf-shaped (h) Ashmolean + Mus. Oxford, cf. Woodward/Leach 1993, 209 115 Evreux * 116.1 Heerlen D * 116.2 * 116.3 Heerlen Heerlen * 116.4 C (c) rhombic (pd) lid Fauduet 1992, nr. 1014 lid Thermenmuseum Heerlen, inv.no. 559 leaf-shaped + D leaf-shaped + D circular base 3 Thermenmuseum Heerlen, inv.no. 9879 Heerlen D circular base 3 Thermenmuseum Heerlen, inv.no. 11183 117 Grobbendonk Tienen leaf-shaped leaf-shaped (h) lid 118.1 D D 118.2 Tienen D circular 119 Velzeke? D leaf-shaped (ph) 120.1 Liberchies D circular 120.2 Liberchies D square 120.3 Liberchies D square 120.4 121.1 Liberchies Saint-Mard D square D leaf-shaped base 3 Mertens & Cahen-Delhaye 1970, nr. 29 121.2 Saint-Mard D circular 4 122.1 122.2 Pltres Pltres D base lid Massart & Cahen-Delhaye 1994, 26, 50, fig. 44.20 CAG 27 (1993) 225 D circular base 3 Fauduet 1992, nr. 1009 123 Bliesbruck D circular 3 Petit 2000, 275, pl. 38.34 124.1 Cocheren-'Le Herapel' D square 124.2 Cocheren-'Le Herapel' (tombe40) 125.1 Dieulouard D leaf-shaped + 125.2 Dieulouard D leaf-shaped 126.1 Liffol-le-Grand 126.2 Liffol-le-Grand D D ? ? 127.1 Grand D leaf-shaped + lid lid lid base 127.2 Grand D 128.1 Saint-Amand-sur-Ornain D 128.2 Saint-Amand-sur-Ornain 128.3 Saint-Amand-sur-Ornain 128.4 Saint-Amand-sur-Ornain + Thermenmuseum Heerlen, inv.no. 2897 lid excav. NDO, info. G. de Boe DeClerck 1983, 284, nr. 282 lid ? + excav. IAP, pers. comm. M. Martens Van Durme 1996, 58, fig. 6 Brulet & Demanet 1993, 150, fig. 72.77 lid 3 3 D (c) circular Brulet & Demanet 1997, 129, fig. 89.65 Brulet & Demanet 1997, 129, fig. 89.66 lid + Brulet & Demanet 1993, 150, fig. 72.78 4 Delestre 1986,305 f., fig. 2.1 4 Gallia informations 1989-2, 106 f., fig. 29 3 Delestre 1986, 306, fig. 2.21 Delestre 1986,306, fig. 2.22 Delestre 1986, 308 Delestre 1986, 308 3 Delestre 1986, 308, fig. 2.31 square 3 Delestre 1986, 308, fig. 2.61 D square 3 Delestre 1986, 308, fig. 2.62 D circular Delestre 1986, 308, fig. 2.63 D leaf-shaped Delestre 1986, 308, fig. 2.64 Delestre 1986, 308 + 129 Orleans D leaf-shaped 130 Dronrijp E leaf-shaped (h) 131 Castricum-'Oosterbuurt' E leaf-shaped 132 Katwijk-'Zanderij' E circular 133 Den Haag-Scheveningseweg E? leaf-shaped fragm base Waasdorp 1999, 162., fig. 12.9 134.1 Den Haag-'Ockenburgh' E? circular + lid Holwerda 1938, 50, no. 16; Waasdorp & Zee 1988, 39, fig. 6.6 134.2 Den Haag-'Ockenburgh' circular leaf-shaped lid Ouddorp E? E? + 135 Waasdorp & Zee 1988, 39 RMO Leiden, inv.no. E.III.1194; Holwerda 1908, 203, no. 1194 136 Arcen-'Steening' E square (v)? 3 LM Venlo, inv.no. G74-0916-3 * 137.1 Venlo-'Boekend' E (v) square 3 LM Venlo, inv.no. L4030 + + lid 3 MAN St-Germain-en-Laye, inv.no. 29756 FM Leeuwarden, inv. no. 2001-XI-1 3 coli. P. E. Schaap, Noordwijk Erdrich 1999, 109, fig. 62e Seal-boxes from N Gaul and the Rhineland 134 * 137.2 * 138 * 139 140 141 142 143 144 Venlo-'Boekend' Voerendaal-'Ten Hove' E leaf-shaped (ph) E (v) circular (rl) + Vijlen-Oude Trichterweg Bertrange-'Bourmicht' E (v) rhombic + Andernach (Grab 19) Karlich (Grab 162b) E (c) circular? Bassenheim (Grab 1) Marpingen Achstetten (BW) 145 146 147 148 149 Neftenbach Neu-Allschwil (Grab 67) Saint-Martin-en-Campagne Boulogne-sur-Mer-'Val Saint Martinet Vieil-Atre' lid 4 3 LM Venlo, inv.no. G16-1148-1 excav. ROB, find no. 068/02/082 Felder 1968, 22, Taf. 4.1; ARCHIS 19671 ? excav. MNHA, pers. comm. J. Krier Koenen 1888, 168; Bockius 1992, Karte 3 E (c) circular 4 E (c) square E (c) circular (eagle) E (v) leaf-shaped (ph) 3 RLM Bonn, inv.no. 40.415 Bockius 1992, 250, Taf. 36.2 E (v) ? base 3 3 + E (v) circular base E (c) 150 151 152.1 Corbeil Beaurieux Barby-'Les Auges' E? circular 152.2 153 154 Barby-'Les Auges' Acy-Romance St-Loup de Buffigny E (v) rhombic 155.1 155.2 155.3 156 Cutry (tombe 615) Cutry (tombe 623) Cutry (tombe?) Sarreinsming 157 Velsen-'Velserbroek' 158 159 Blicquy Dalheim-'Petzel' 160.1 Digeon F circular 160.2 160.3 160.4 Digeon Digeon Digeon F F F circular circular circular 160.5 160.6 160.7 161 162 Digeon Digeon Digeon Saint-Maur Ecly-'La Callouire' F F F F F circular circular square (lid?) circular semi-oval 163 164 Nanteuil-sur-Aisne Roizy-'Les Cinq Horles' F F leaf-shaped leaf-shaped 165.1 Cracouville 165.2 165.3 165.4 165.5 166.1 166.2 166.3 166.4 Cracouville Cracouville Cracouville Cracouville Le Vieil Evreux Le Vieil Evreux Le Vieil Evreux Le Vieil Evreux F F circular circular F F F F F F F circular semi-oval circular circular leaf-shaped leaf-shaped rhombic 3 3 E (c) circular E? circular (dog?) MAN Paris, inv.no. 26061 + 3 pers. comm. C. Haselgrove private coil.; pers. comm. B. Lambot ? lid base lid 3 3 3 private coli.; pers. comm. B. Lambot pers. comm. B. Lambot Le Clert 1898, 159, pl. 43.524; Feugere & Abauzit 2000, fig. 9 Lieger 1997, 47, pl. 70.2 Lieger 1997, 48, pl. 70.3 Lieger 1997, pl. 111-12 (find no. H.10.1) 3 Delestre 1986, 308, fig. 2.5 base 4 Bosman 1992,8, fig. 11 4 pers. comm. L. Demarez pers. comm. J. Krier pers. comm. Ch. Delplace 4 4 pers. comm. Ch. Delplace pers. comm. Ch. Delplace 4 3 pers. pers. pers. pers. base base 3 3 3 Liebbe 1898, 95 private coli.; pers. comm. B. Lambot Lambot 1983, 44, fig. 20.249 lid base 4 private coil.; pers. comm. B. Lambot Fauduet1992,nr. 1004 3 Fauduet1992,nr. 1005 4 3 Fauduet 1992, nr. 1006 Fauduet1992,nr. 1007 4? Fauduet 1992, nr. Fauduet 1992, nr. Fauduet 1992, nr. Fauduet 1992, nr. Fauduet 1992, nr. + ? circular (cock) E (c) leaf-shaped E (c) E (c) leaf-shaped + E (v) leaf-shaped?47 F F circular c.10 specimens Schmassmann & Ettlinger 1944, 38 Cachet 1857, 65; CAG 76, 508, fig. 501 Belot 1990, 118, fig. 7 /22A E (v) circular (cock) E (v) leaf-shaped (pd) E E Kolling 1974, Abb. 1 Klein 1990, 175, Abb. 114 Rychener1999, 137,no.2366, Taf. 79 F base base base lid lid? base base base lid + lid + lid lid comm. comm. comm. comm. Ch. Ch. Ch. Ch. Delplace Delplace Delplace Delplace 1008 1011 1012 1013 1015 ADDENDA: a square base with 3 holes from the military camp at Neuss, RLM inv. no. 8503 (see BAR S862, 64 and pl. 21.14); a similar complete specimen from Xanten colonia (E. Goddard, Ph.D. diss. Munich 1990, 67 and pl. 9.Bl32); the base of a semioval (!) seal-box, a lid of a lozenge-shaped specimen and a complete leaf-shaped box from an excavation at Paris, Rue Curie (Gallia 57 [2000] 208 f. with figs. 17.1-3); 1 fragment and 2 complete specimens of unknown shape from Langres (CAG 52/2, 117 and 121); a complete heart-shaped example from Chalon-sur-Sa6ne, 'citadelle' (CAG 71, 157); a complete square seal-box with enamelling from a rural settlement at Aizanville, 'Val Sainte-Catherine' (CAG 52/1, 96); and one of unknown shape from the sanctuaries at Eu, 'Bois !'Abbe' (CAG 76, 247) and Arras (CAG 62, 139). The site at Boulogne, 'Val Saint-Martinet VieilAtre' (cat. 149), here mapped and quantified as a rural settlement, is in fact a military cemetery. 47 It has exceptional decorative pattern in the shape of a human face on the lid.